AQ标准《油漆与粉刷作业安全规范》编制要点

从行业安全现状以及行业安全标准化两方面介绍AQ标准《油漆与粉刷作业安全规范》编制背景;分析油漆与粉刷作业特点、危害来源及作业事故类型;对标准编制方法与思路、用词技巧、重点内容、章节划分等进行讨论;同时对高空吊板的使用以及缺氧危险作业与有限空间作业问题进行探析。针对该标准的讨论有助于标准的贯彻执行,对安全技术类标准的编制也具有参考价值。     

火电厂烟道的优化分析

以某电厂2×1 000 MW机组的引增段烟道为例,基于CFD模拟软件开展了烟道系统的优化分析,优化后降低了系统压损122 Pa,年节约运行费用约35万元,投资回收期为0.57 a。优化后的方案较原方案大大降低了系统的磨损及振动,有利于电厂的安全可靠运行。     

“十一五”宁夏经济增长与环境质量特征分析

利用SPSS统计分析宁夏“十一五”期间经济与环境质量数据的关联程度并建立回归模型。结果表明：宁夏人均GDP与环境指标二氧化硫排放总量、环保重点城市二氧化硫浓度、重点城市降水中硫酸根离子浓度、化学需氧量排放总量、黄河宁夏段高锰酸盐指数浓度、氨氮浓度、水综合污染指数等均存在显著线性负相关。随着经济增长,重点城市空气质量和黄河宁夏段水环境质量也相应改善,经济增长与环境质量相互促进、和谐发展,经济环保实现双赢。环境质量的改善直接得益于污染减排工程,全区水、气污染防治政策较为成功,环保成绩显著。     

缺氧－好氧生物膜法脱氮技术的研究

为了防止氮污染对水体造成的危害,我国对氨氮排放实行严格的控制。采用缺氧－好氧淹没式生物膜脱氮方法研究其处理效果与工艺参数,并着重研究氮负荷和碳源对硝化、反硝化的影响;微生物在膜上的分布特性及其对底质变化的影响。研究结果表明：缺氧段（A段）停留时间为7.3h,好氧段（0段）为15.7h好氧段容积负荷：COD0.36kg/m³·d,NH₃－N0.35kg/m³·d;缺氧段硝态氮负荷0.65kg/m³·d,COD负荷1.7kg/m³·d。这一水处理技术工艺稳定,NH₃－N与NO_x－N的去除率均在90％以上,而且生物活性强,分布较均匀,是目前控制氮污染的有效方法。     

1株海洋异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

以海水为基质,采用传统的微生物分离纯化方法,从海底沉积物中分离筛选得到1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌y5,经形态、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.).对其脱氮特性及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,菌株y5的最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,最适p H值为7.0,最适C/N为17.菌株均能以NH4Cl、Na NO2和KNO3为唯一氮源进行反应,36 h的去除率分别为77.07%、64.14%和100%.3种氮源共存时,36 h的去除率达到100%.表明菌株y5在高盐废水中具有独立高效的异养硝化和好氧反硝化作用.     

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in sediments and paddy soils from Liaohe River Basin, China: Levels, distribution and mass inventory

Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels,spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected(nd) to 4.02 ng/g dry weight(dw) and 0.03 to 4.06 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments,while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon(TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67 tons HBCD and 2.20 tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.     

Screening and degrading characteristics and community structure of a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial consortium from contaminated soil

Inoculation with effcient microbes had been proved to be the most important way for the bioremediation of polluted environments. For the treatment of abandoned site of Beijing Coking Chemical Plant contaminated with high level of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(HMW-PAHs) ,a bacterial consortium capable of degrading HMW-PAHs,designated 1-18-1,was enriched and screened from HMW-PAHs contaminated soil.Its degrading ability was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) ,and the community structure was investigated by construction and analyses of the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries(A,B and F) at different transfers.The results indicated that 1-18-1 was able to utilize pyrene,fluoranthene and benzoapyrene as sole carbon and energy source for growth.The degradation rate of pyrene and fluoranthene reached 82.8%and 96.2%after incubation for 8 days at 30°C,respectively;while the degradation rate of benzoapyrene was only 65.1%after incubation for 28 days at 30°C. Totally,108,100 and 100 valid clones were randomly selected and sequenced from the libraries A,B,and F.Phylogenetic analyses showed that all the clones could be divided into 5 groups,Bacteroidetes,α-Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,β-Proteobacteria andγ-Proteobacteria.Sequence similarity analyses showed total 39 operational taxonomic units(OTUs) in the libraries.The predominant bacterial groups wereα-Proteobacteria(19 OTUs,48.7%) ,γ-Proteobacteria(9 OTUs,23.1%) andβ-Proteobacteria(8 OTUs,20.5%) . During the transfer process,the proportions ofα-Proteobacteria andβ-Proteobacteria increased greatly(from 47%to 93%) ,while γ-Proteobacteria decreased from 32%(library A) to 6%(library F) ;and Bacteroidetes group disappeared in libraries B and F.     

中国近海沉积物在生源要素循环中的功能

中国近海沉积物中生源要素的含量与其粒度、河流输入等诸多因素有关。一般沉积物粒度由粗到细 ,有机质含量由低到高 ,OC ,N ,P的含量递增 ,S和Si含量递减。沉积物的生物地球化学环境涉及到Eh ,pH ,温度 ,OC含量 ,Fe3 /Fe2 值 ,水动力条件 ,沉积物的颗粒大小和间隙水的S体系 ,以及生物扰动等因素 ,它们影响着沉积物中生源要素的早期成岩过程和循环。一般而言 ,中国近海沉积物—海水界面S2 -,HS-,H4SiO4,PO43 -,NH4 的扩散通量是从沉积物向上覆水 ,而SO42 -,HCO3 -,NO3 -,NO2 -的扩散通量从上覆水向沉积物中扩散。生物扰动对沉积物—海水界面生源要素的循环起重要作用。     

Identifying water resources management strategies in adaptation to climate change under uncertainty

In this study, an integrated simulation-based allocation modeling system (ISAMS) is developed for identifying water resources management strategies in response to climate change. The ISAMS incorporates global climate models (GCMs), a semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, and a multistage interval-stochastic programming (MISP) approach within a general framework. The ISAMS can not only handle uncertainties expressed as probability distributions and interval values but also reveal climate change impacts on water resources allocation under different projections of GCMs. The ISAMS is then applied to the Kaidu-kongque watershed with cold arid characteristics in the Tarim River Basin (the largest inland watershed basin in China) for demonstrating its efficiency. Results reveal that different climate change models corresponding to various projections (e.g., precipitation and temperature) would lead to changed water resources allocation patterns. Variations in water availability and demand due to uncertainties could result in different water allocation targets and shortages. A variety of decision alternatives about water allocations adaptive to climate change are generated under combinations of different global climate models and ecological water release plans. These findings indicate that understanding the uncertainties in water resources system, building adaptive methods for generating sustainable water allocation patterns, and taking actions for mitigating water shortage problems are key adaptation strategies responding to climate change.     

高效原油降解菌处理油田采出水

利用油田采用废水中原有微生物种群分离驯化出的高效原油降解菌，通过单一菌种高效原油降解菌降解性能实验，高效混合菌正交实验，最佳组合菌株的连续生物处理油田采出水实验，都取得了处理低浓度含油废水的良好效果。这表明在常规物理，化学法处理油田采出水的基础上，利用生物再空度处理是可行的。