环保运动参与:资源动员论与后物质主义价值观

针对人们参与环保运动的动机,"资源动员理论"认为,人们更多的是出于对自身利益的追求——不要污染我的居住环境,而"后物质主义价值观"则认为,人们参与环保运动是为了提高人类整体的生活质量,是为了减轻和遏制污染对整个人类环境造成的破坏。西方理论界的普遍观点是:20世纪70年代以后,在西方,人们参与环保运动主要是受"后物质主义价值观"的影响。本文通过对厦门PX事件深入调查所获取的数据进行分析,发现:在当代中国,人们参与环保运动的动机更多的是个人利益的算计,而非西方社会认可的全社会已经形成了一种普遍的"后物质主义价值观"。本文并对人们在环保运动参与程度上存在差异的原因进行了分析:①社会发展状况,主要受经济发展水平的影响。②传统文化对我国公众环境意识的影响。③制度原因:自上而下的环境政策造成了公众的政府依赖性;地方行政干预影响了公众环境意识的发展;政策法规的缺位使公众的环境意识难以转化为具体的环境行为。④民间环保组织发展不完善。     

中国区域粮食生产与消费中的虚拟水平衡研究

从省级和8个二级区域尺度上分析我国2007年粮食生产和消费中的虚拟水含量的空间分布规律以及粮食生产和消费中的虚拟水平衡规律,得出如下结论：首先,粮食生产虚拟水量北方比南方地区多31 9752×107 m3,人均粮食生产虚拟水量北方地区为530 m3/人,远高于全国平均水平的460 m3/人,而南方地区则只有410 m3/人。说明我国当前粮食生产存在较为典型的虚拟水资源“北水南调”现象;其次,全国粮食虚拟水消费量南方比北方地区多4 8553亿m3,恰好与粮食生产的虚拟水空间分布规律相反。南北方粮食消费水平的差异加剧了我国粮食生产虚拟水资源“北水南调”现象的发生;再次,从粮食生产和消费的虚拟水平衡空间分布规律来看,调出区主要集中分布在由黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、新疆、宁夏5省（区）组成的我国北方边境沿线地带和由江西、湖南、重庆、湖北、河南、安徽、江苏、山东和山西组成的中东部环形地区。虚拟水调入区则主要集中在由北京、天津、河北和辽宁组成的环渤海地区和由分布在西北、西南和华南共13个省市区组成的环状连片地带;最后简要分析了我国粮食生产和消费的虚拟水平衡在粮食生产和水资源开发利用领域的启示意义。
     

Spatial distribution and sources of perfluorochemicals in the NW Mediterranean coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain)

This study provides the first evidence of the sources and loads of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) to the NW Mediterranean Sea. Five PFCs were analyzed in 45 seawater samples collected along the Catalan coast. Total PFCs ranged from 0.07 to 13.0 ng/l, being the levels higher in ports than in coastal waters. To determine the sources of PFCs, 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and 6 rivers discharging to the sea were also analyzed. WWTP effluents contained total PFCs levels ranging from 3.47 to 132 ng/l but due to the relatively low discharge flows, they contributed to 34.7 g/d to the sea. Total PFCs in rivers ranged from 2.24 to 21.9 ng/l and were the principal PFCs contributors to the sea. Overall, a total load of 190 g/d of PFCs are discharged to the NW Mediterranean coast. The effects and risk of PFCs discharges to the Mediterranean basin are discussed.     

基于RMP的事件型文化创意旅游产品开发

事件型文化创意旅游产品是当前文化创意旅游产品中最具吸引力的产品,其研发对当前旅游产业的转型与升级具有重要意义。从事件文化创意旅游产品的含义及其特征出发,分析了当前产品开发中资源认识不清、策划缺乏创新等问题,从而提出了RMP总体开发思路,以及正确认识产品资源本质、积极利用"触媒效用"等开发对策,为深度开发事件型文化创意旅游产品提供新的思路。     

Gaseous and particulate water-soluble organic and inorganic nitrogen in rural air in southern Scotland

Simultaneous daily measurements of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), ammonium and nitrate were made between July and November 2008 at a rural location in south-east Scotland, using a ‘Cofer’ nebulizing sampler for the gas phase and collection on an open-face PTFE membrane for the particle phase. Average concentrations of NH₃ were 82 ± 17 nmol N m^?3 (error is s.d. of triplicate samples), while oxidised N concentrations in the gas phase (from trapping NO₂ and HNO₃) were smaller, at 2.6 ± 2.2 nmol N m^?3, and gas-phase WSON concentrations were 18 ± 11 nmol N m^?3. The estimated collection efficiency of the nebulizing samplers for the gas phase was 88 (±8) % for NH₃, 37 (±16) % for NO₂ and 57 (±7) % for WSON; reported average concentrations have not been corrected for sampling efficiency. Concentrations in the particle phase were smaller, except for nitrate, at 21 ± 9, 10 ± 6 and 8 ± 9 nmol N m^?3, respectively. The absence of correlation in either phase between WSON and either (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) or NO₃^? concentrations suggests atmospheric WSON has diverse sources. During wet days, concentrations of gas and particle-phase inorganic N were lower than on dry days, whereas the converse was true for WSON. These data represent the first reports of simultaneous measurements of gas and particle phase water-soluble nitrogen compounds in rural air on a daily basis, and show that WSON occurs in both phases, contributing 20–25% of the total water-soluble nitrogen in air, in good agreement with earlier data on the contribution of WSON to total dissolved N in rainfall in the UK.     

耐高温反渗透膜在化工废水处理中的应用

以某化工工艺废水的超滤出水为原水,采用耐高温反渗透膜进行处理,考察了操作压力、废水pH、膜面流速及废水总铁质量浓度对耐高温反渗透膜产水通量及脱盐率(以电导率减小率计,下同)和TOC去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在操作压力为0.24 MPa、废水pH为7.60、膜面流速为2.0 m/s的最佳条件下运行4 200 min后,产水通量衰减约73%,反渗透系统的脱盐率为95%～97%,TOC去除率为83%～95%,出水电导率在50μs/cm左右,出水TOC为21～23 mg/L。     

重金属污染土壤修复技术综述

土壤重金属污染是当前重要的世界性环境问题之一。随着重金属污染土壤场地日渐增多,如何安全有效地修复并利用这些受污染的土壤已成为我国急需解决的环境和社会问题。本文介绍了重金属污染土壤常用修复技术的原理、优缺点,并重点介绍了土壤淋洗修复技术,对目前淋洗剂的应用情况、作用机制进行了评价。     

滨海城市入境旅游的区域差异对比分析

采用SSM数学模型分析方法和变异系数,以入境旅游人数和旅游外汇收入为样本数据,从客源市场结构和旅游竞争力两个方面对比分析了1996—2007年大连、青岛我国北方两个具有代表性的滨海城市入境旅游的区域发展差异。结果表明,从客源市场和相对差异都可发现两个城市入境旅游的区域差异经历了"减小—增大"的演变过程,原因在于青岛便利的交通、独特的文化和区位优势,使青岛由落后效仿者变为领先者,充分发挥了厚积薄发的优势。     

Recent changes (1973–2014 versus 1903–1972) in the flow regime of the Lower Paraná River and current fluvial pollution warnings in its Delta Biosphere Reserve

Alterations in flow regimes of large rivers may originate or increase risks to ecosystems and humans. The Paraná River basin (South America) undergoes human pressures (e.g., heavy damming in the upper basin, deforestation, and mixed pollution) that may affect the water quantity and quality of its terminal Delta (Argentina). In this study, after applying univariate and multivariate change-point detection and trend analyses to the daily data series of flows incoming to the Delta (Paraná-Santa Fe section), flow characteristics were compared by Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) and Environmental Flow Components (EFC). Some flood characteristics were also compared from hydrometric levels in the middle Delta (San Pedro station). Chemical and microbiological water variables in the main rivers of the “Paraná Delta” Biosphere Reserve were examined during two extreme hydrologic years (October 2008 to July 2010) to detect potential risk factors in association with hydrologic conditions. In the Lower Paraná River, a historical period (1903–1972) and two more altered periods (1973–1999 wet period and 2000–2014 dry period) were identified. Flow duration curves evidenced different changes in both altered periods, reflecting the joint effect of climatic variability and human influence. The most evident alterations in the flow regime were the lack of record of the extreme-low-flow component, the attenuation of monthly flow seasonality, and the increase in the number of reversals (dry period) and in the variability of maximum and minimum flow dates. These alterations are consistent with the monthly and daily flow regulation by upstream dams evidenced by available data from the current dry period. In the middle Delta, the marked monthly seasonality in flood days decreased only in the wet period. The proportion between the number of flood days exceeding the evacuation level and that of those exceeding the warning level doubled in the wet period but decreased only slightly in the dry period. In the Delta Reserve rivers, concentrations of Escherichia coli, cadmium, lead, iron, manganese, and ammonium exceeded guideline levels under a severe drought and a dispersal of cyanobacteria appeared under a high-flow pulse in La Niña year. The ammonium concentration exceeded the level for human drink with the overbanking flood stage in El Niño year. These occasional detections pose a potential risk to the aquatic life and, especially, to the inhabitants of the Reserve. Flow duration curves, IHA, and EFC are useful tools to evaluate trends or changes of ecological and social relevance in flow regime characteristics.     

Assessment of the mechanisms of detoxification of chemical compounds and antioxidant enzymes in the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from Mediterranean coastal sites

In this study the effects of the main marine pollutants (metals, PAHs, PCBs and DDTs) were assessed in native mussels from the Mediterranean coast of Spain. For this purpose several biomarkers such as benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH), DT-diaphorase (DTD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPs), glutathione reductase (GR), metallothionein (MT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in the digestive gland. Results showed increased LPO levels in mussels which accumulated high loads of organic compounds and arsenic in their tissues. BPH levels correlated to the concentrations of organic compounds in mussel tissues, though the range of BPH response was low in relation to the high gradient of accumulation of organic pollutants. Increased BPH levels, concomitant to low DTD and GST activities, were detected in mussels which presented high levels of organic pollutants in their tissues. This suggests that signs of LPO present in these organisms are related to the imbalance between phase I and phase II biotransformation processes. Furthermore, the increased levels of MT and CAT detected in mussels which showed high levels of Cd in their tissues appear to reflect a coordinated response which protects against the toxicity of this metal. The application of these biomarkers in environmental assessment is discussed.