关于加强城市风环境规划研究的思考

城市风环境规划对于城市建设具有十分重要的意义,但在我国关注度还相对较低,为城市环境规划留有"隐患"。开展风环境规划研究,合理规划城市风环境,建立城市通风廊道,是城市规划的有益创新,也是践行习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的具体体现。本文梳理和总结了部分发达国家和地区城市风环境研究与技术发展状况,结合我国城市风环境规划研究和管理现状,从推动我国城市风环境规划的角度给出了若干建议。     

胶州湾微表层和次表层海水中营养盐的分布特征及富营养化研究

根据2010年夏季(6、7、8月)和秋季(9、10、11月)6个航次对胶州湾微表层和次表层海水中营养盐的调查结果,研究了微表层和次表层中营养盐的分布特征和时空变化,以及微表层对氮、磷、硅营养盐的富集情况,并利用潜在富营养化评价模式评价了水质的营养状况.结果表明,不论是微表层还是次表层,营养盐的分布都是从湾内向湾口递减.胶州湾夏季微表层溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)和硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)的平均浓度分别为0.296、0.026和0.618mg.L-1;秋季平均浓度分别为0.369、0.028和0.592mg.L-1.夏季次表层DIN、PO43--P和SiO23--Si的平均浓度分别为0.240、0.025和0.506mg.L-1;秋季平均浓度分别为0.292、0.028和0.580mg.L-1.胶州湾微表层海水对营养盐N、Si均有不同程度的富集作用,平均富集因子为1.48～1.96;对P无富集现象,富集因子的不同可能与海况和站位的不同有关.在所有调查航次中,7月份胶州湾海水中的营养盐含量最低,与叶绿素a(Chl-a)处于高峰期有关.胶州湾东北部处于富营养和磷中等限制潜在性富营养化状态,其它区域营养级为中度营养和贫营养,微表层潜在性富营养化程度大于次表层.     

微波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境空气总悬浮颗粒物中16种多环芳烃

用丙酮/正己烷(1∶1)混合溶剂,微波萃取法提取环境空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中16种多环芳烃组分,各组分萃取率为66%～83%,萃取效果较好。高效液相色谱法二极管阵列检测器和荧光检测器串联可同时测出16种多环芳烃组分。在二极管阵列检测器响应的组分检测限为2 5μg/L～5 0μg/L,荧光检测器响应的组分检测限为0 01μg/L～0 1μg/L。对25μg/L16种多环芳烃标液作精密度试验,相对标准差均<5%,精密度好。取两个交通干线环境空气样品作TSP中多环芳烃测定,16种组分中除蒽、茚并(1,2,3cd)芘、芘、苊烯4种组分外,其他12种组分均有检出。     

气相正己烷的光催化及臭氧/光催化降解动力学

初步研究了气相中低浓度的正己烷在较大流量(5L/min～17L/min)臭氧/紫外(O₃/UV),光催化(TiO₂/UV)及臭氧/光催化(O₃/TiO₂/UV)3种方法的降解的动力学,考察了正己烷的初始浓度、流量、水蒸气浓度、臭氧投加量等因素的影响.研究表明:正己O₃/TiO₂/UV降解效率远高于O₃/UV的降解效率,明显高于TiO₂/UV降解效率;相对于初始浓度,正己烷的TiO₂/UV及O₃/TiO₂/UV反应符合L-H模型,对于O₃/UV过程用L-H模型不能得到较好的拟合;随着流量的增加正己烷在TiO₂/UV与O₃/TiO₂/UV降解过程中的反应速率先增加后保持不变,但是在O₃/UV过程中其反应速率变化不大;湿度对正己烷的降解有一定的影响;随着臭氧投加量的增加,正己烷O₃/UV和O₃/TiO₂/UV的降解速率呈直线增加,在O₃/UV过程中正己烷的反应速率增加更快.     

中国环境标志如何应对WTO

环境标志的实施有利于环境友好产品的销售 ,也有成为发达国家新的贸易壁垒的趋势 ,加入WTO后 ,我国环境标志面临新的机遇与挑战。我们应大力发展和完善我国环境标志制度 ,充分利用WTO有关原则和条款 ,在WTO法律框架内寻求对策 ,打破贸易壁垒 ,实现贸易与环境保护的协调发展     

汾河流域水土保持措施水文水资源效应初析

应用具有物理机制的分布式水文模拟模型(W EP-L),模拟了不同下垫面条件情景下的水循环过程,在此基础上,定量分析了汾河流域水土保持措施的水文水资源效应。通过对比分析2种不同情景下的水资源量,初步得出:汾河流域水土保持措施影响了局部水循环和水资源量及其构成,加强了水循环的垂向过程,引起地表截留量、土壤入渗量、土壤蒸发量以及补给地下水量增加;削弱了水循环的水平过程,引起地表径流量和河川基流量减少,壤中流微弱增加;地表水资源量衰减,而地下与地表水资源不重复量增加,狭义水资源量减少,但有效蒸散(发)量增加,广义水资源量有一定幅度增加。研究成果对于研究大尺度流域水土保持措施的水文水资源效应具有参考价值。     

A three-step approach to minimise the impact of a mining site on vicuña (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicugna vicugna</Emphasis>) and to restore landscape connectivity

Resource extraction projects generate a diversity of negative effects on the environment that are difficult to predict and mitigate. Consequently, adaptive management approaches have been advocated to develop effective responses to impacts that were not predicted. Mammal populations living in or around mine sites are frequently of management concern; yet, there is a dearth of published information on how to minimise the negative effects of different phases of mining operations on them. Here, we present the case study of a copper mine in the Chilean Altiplano, which caused roadkills of the protected vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). This issue led to a three-step solution being implemented: (1) the initial identification of the problem and implementation of an emergency response, (2) the scientific analysis for decision making and (3) the planning and informed implementation of responses for different future scenarios and timescales. The measures taken under each of these steps provide examples of environmental management approaches that make use of scientific information to develop integrated management responses. In brief, our case study showed how (1) the timescale and the necessity/urgency of the case were addressed, (2) the various stakeholders involved were taken into account and (3) changes were included into the physical, human and organisational elements of the company to achieve the stated objectives.     

Recent changes (1973–2014 versus 1903–1972) in the flow regime of the Lower Paraná River and current fluvial pollution warnings in its Delta Biosphere Reserve

Alterations in flow regimes of large rivers may originate or increase risks to ecosystems and humans. The Paraná River basin (South America) undergoes human pressures (e.g., heavy damming in the upper basin, deforestation, and mixed pollution) that may affect the water quantity and quality of its terminal Delta (Argentina). In this study, after applying univariate and multivariate change-point detection and trend analyses to the daily data series of flows incoming to the Delta (Paraná-Santa Fe section), flow characteristics were compared by Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) and Environmental Flow Components (EFC). Some flood characteristics were also compared from hydrometric levels in the middle Delta (San Pedro station). Chemical and microbiological water variables in the main rivers of the “Paraná Delta” Biosphere Reserve were examined during two extreme hydrologic years (October 2008 to July 2010) to detect potential risk factors in association with hydrologic conditions. In the Lower Paraná River, a historical period (1903–1972) and two more altered periods (1973–1999 wet period and 2000–2014 dry period) were identified. Flow duration curves evidenced different changes in both altered periods, reflecting the joint effect of climatic variability and human influence. The most evident alterations in the flow regime were the lack of record of the extreme-low-flow component, the attenuation of monthly flow seasonality, and the increase in the number of reversals (dry period) and in the variability of maximum and minimum flow dates. These alterations are consistent with the monthly and daily flow regulation by upstream dams evidenced by available data from the current dry period. In the middle Delta, the marked monthly seasonality in flood days decreased only in the wet period. The proportion between the number of flood days exceeding the evacuation level and that of those exceeding the warning level doubled in the wet period but decreased only slightly in the dry period. In the Delta Reserve rivers, concentrations of Escherichia coli, cadmium, lead, iron, manganese, and ammonium exceeded guideline levels under a severe drought and a dispersal of cyanobacteria appeared under a high-flow pulse in La Niña year. The ammonium concentration exceeded the level for human drink with the overbanking flood stage in El Niño year. These occasional detections pose a potential risk to the aquatic life and, especially, to the inhabitants of the Reserve. Flow duration curves, IHA, and EFC are useful tools to evaluate trends or changes of ecological and social relevance in flow regime characteristics.     

Improving the Fenton process by visible LED irradiation

The effect of irradiation with visible light-emitting diode (LED) light on the efficiency of Fenton oxidation is investigated using phenol as the target compound (100 mg/L). The H₂O₂ dose and temperature are tested as operating variables with the aim of minimizing consumption of the reagents. At 50 °C, 10 mg/L Fe²⁺, and 60 % of the stoichiometric H₂O₂ amount, phenol was completely oxidized into CO₂, H₂O, and short chain organic acids, with oxalic acid completely degraded. Up to 95 % mineralization was achieved. This high efficiency can be attributed to the effect of LED radiation on the quinones/Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ cycle, which significantly increases the reaction rate, as well as on the photodecomposition of the iron complexes formed along the oxidation process, which also enhanced mineralization.     

BTX in urban areas of eastern Spain: a focus on time variations and sources

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Seasonal and daily cycles of BTX were studied in a non-industrialized city (Alicante) and an urban area near an oil refinery plant (Castellón) in...