Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

基于可计算一般均衡模型的张掖市水资源调控模拟研究

引入可计算一般均衡模型作为张掖市水资源调控研究的基础工具,模拟计算了张掖市将种植业部门生产规模和产品输出调控在不同水平时的社会经济运行情况。结果表明:现有生产条件下,缩减种植业部门产品的生产或向外输出均有利于国民经济生产中水资源的优化配置,并促进张掖市社会经济的发展;相对于控制种植业部门的生产规模来说,控制种植业部门产品的向外输出水平不仅能使张掖市取得更好的社会经济效益,而且还能从经济生产用水中节约出7 746.82×104m3的水资源,可用于张掖市社会经济生活的消耗或黑河流域中下游的生态环境建设。     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

电沉积制备PMo12/rGO/PPy阳极及其在微生物燃料电池中的应用

微生物燃料电池(MFC)阳极材料的电化学特性影响其产电性能和污染物还原能力。采用电化学沉积法得到了磷钼酸/还原氧化石墨烯/聚吡咯(PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy)阳极,并对PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极进行形貌表征和电化学特性分析,最后考察了PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极MFC在不同浓度高氯酸盐(ClO₄-)下的产电和还原性能。结果表明:PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极较对照阳极为微生物的附着提供了更大的比表面积,为电子传递提供更多的活性位点;使得MFC阳极表面的电荷转移量增加493%,电荷转移阻抗降低83.3%,交换电流密度提高53.4%。同时,当ClO₄-浓度为420 mg/L时,PMo₁₂/rGO/PPy阳极MFC产电性能最好,最大输出电压可达到148.47 mV。     

汾河流域水土保持措施水文水资源效应初析

应用具有物理机制的分布式水文模拟模型(W EP-L),模拟了不同下垫面条件情景下的水循环过程,在此基础上,定量分析了汾河流域水土保持措施的水文水资源效应。通过对比分析2种不同情景下的水资源量,初步得出:汾河流域水土保持措施影响了局部水循环和水资源量及其构成,加强了水循环的垂向过程,引起地表截留量、土壤入渗量、土壤蒸发量以及补给地下水量增加;削弱了水循环的水平过程,引起地表径流量和河川基流量减少,壤中流微弱增加;地表水资源量衰减,而地下与地表水资源不重复量增加,狭义水资源量减少,但有效蒸散(发)量增加,广义水资源量有一定幅度增加。研究成果对于研究大尺度流域水土保持措施的水文水资源效应具有参考价值。     

赣江南昌段污染负荷及水环境容量分析

通过调查和分析赣江南昌段各污染源,以化学需氧量和氨氮为污染负荷指标,分析了赣江流域南昌段污染负荷现状,确定了主要污染源。在此基础上,选择氨氮和化学需氧量作为计算因子,利用二维水质模型测算赣江南昌段水环境容量。根据水环境容量计算结果和现状污染物排放量,得到赣江南昌段各江段剩余水环境容量。结果表明:2008年南昌市排入赣江南昌段的污染负荷量为94255.47t,以化学需氧量为主。污染源中以城镇生活污染源、农田地表径流污染源和工业污染源为主。赣江南昌段除赣江南支外其余部分水质良好,有较富足的水环境容量。     

碳纳米管固相萃取富集水样中苯胺类化合物

文章建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-UV分析水样中间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺的方法。环境水样经多壁碳纳米管填充的固相萃取小柱富集净化后,以甲醇-水(70:30,V/V)为流动相,在Symmetry-C18色谱柱上分离,紫外光度法(λ=240 nm)分析目标化合物,采用外标法定量。结果表明,间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺的平均加标回收率为85.2%¹06.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%106.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%⁶.4%(n=3)。以信噪比(S/N)为3计算,间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺的检出限分别为0.047和0.039μg/L。方法可用于环境水样中间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺残留量的测定。     

亚硝化单胞菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性的研究

对含有亚硝化菌的活性污泥进行富集和分离得到6株亚硝化菌,对其中降解效果最好的一株YS6菌株进行鉴定和降解特性研究。结果表明:该菌为亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp.),最适碳源CaCO_3和NaHCO_3,最适温度30℃,最适pH值8,250mL锥形瓶最佳装瓶量50 mL,接种量12×10~9个。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术及示范工程研究

对我国垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理现状进行阐述和分析：以膜生物反应器（MBR）＋纳滤（NF）处理技术为例,选取常州夹山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程作为示范点．重点介绍该处理技术的实际工程远行情况,示范工程渗滤液出水水质达到GB 16889—1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的一级标准,运行费用（含折旧）为19．55元／m^3,具有良好的技术经济优势和推广价值。     

纳米TiO2对土壤重金属释放及形态变化的影响

通过室外模拟淹水实验研究纳米Ti O_2对土壤重金属迁移转化的影响,分析了两种纳米Ti O_2对三峡水库典型消落区土壤中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd释放和形态变化的影响.结果表明,淹水两个月后,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石和锐钛矿颗粒处理均导致约30%的Cr释放到水中,主要促进可氧化态和残渣态Cr的溶出,从而促进土壤Cr的活化,大大提高其生态风险;另外,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石颗粒处理导致酸可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量分别下降25.92%和33.09%,增强其迁移性;但添加锐钛矿颗粒处理促进土壤中可氧化态Zn的生成,含量提高约30%,有利于Zn的固定;此外,两种纳米Ti O_2颗粒对Cu和Cd的形态均没有明显的影响.因此,纳米Ti O_2对土壤中Cr释放和形态变化影响最大,其次是Pb和Zn,在进行重金属污染土壤的修复及其风险评估时需要特别注意.