长江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力及其影响因子

根据2010年8月至2011年5月在崇明东滩潮间带进行的大型底栖动物定量采集样品资料,利用Brey(1990)的经验公式分析了调查区域内大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值.结果表明:以去灰干质量(AFDM)计,5月、8月和11月总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总平均次级生产力和总平均P/B值分别为637.83 ind m-2、6.82 gm-2、6.71 g m-2a-1和1.01 a-1.纵向梯度上,总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总平均次级生产力三者大小排序均为东旺沙≥捕鱼港>团结沙.分析表明,潮间带次级生产力受软体动物影响明显,其中河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、黑龙江河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula amurensis)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyra glabra)、泥螺(Bullactaexarata)和中华拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea sinensis)这6种优势种贡献了崇明东滩潮间带65.24%的次级生产力.调查区域总平均P/B值为1.01 a-1,推测东滩大型底栖动物平均一年更替一代,群落结构不稳定,受外界影响较大.运用主成分分析(PCA)对断面环境状况进行分析,显示团结沙生境状况最稳定,捕鱼港次之,东旺沙最剧烈.对次级生产力影响因子进行相关性分析,发现除生物量、栖息密度外,水体总氮、总磷对其也存在较大影响.采用典范对应分析(CCA)解析断面各季节大型底栖动物群落次级生产力与环境变量的关系,显示断面群落次级生产力环境影响因子不尽一致,东旺沙影响因子为Sal、TP、TOC及DO;捕鱼港影响因子为TN、TOC、Chla及DO;团结沙生境状况极稳定,受环境因子影响极小,分析其次级生产力影响因子可能更偏向于沉积物理化因子.     

The use of polymer compounds in the deposits from the combustion of briquettes in domestic heating as an identifier of fuel quality

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The utilisation of waste wood from furniture production brings new problems connected with an incomplete thermochemical decomposition of additives...     

臭氧和氮肥交互对小麦干物质生产、N、P、K含量及累积量的影响

利用中日合作建立的亚洲首个稻麦轮作开放式臭氧浓度升高（ozone-free air controlled enrichment,O3-FACE）平台,选取小麦品种（Tritcium aestivum）扬麦16为试材,研究了不同臭氧和氮肥水平下,小麦不同部位干物质量以及N、P、K质量分数的变化。结果表明,臭氧胁迫下,常氮水平小麦根、叶和穗干物质量以及根冠比与对照相比均显著降低,降幅分别为37.4%、17.4%、12.8%、29.8%,而增施氮肥后,小麦根叶穗及根冠比与常氮下相比均显著增加,增幅分别为60.5%、23.2%、10.7%、43.6%;常氮条件下,臭氧浓度升高明显降低N、P、K累积量及成熟期叶中N、P、K质量分数,降幅分别为10.93%、11.65%、7.64%、23.87%、14.81%、14.9%,而成熟期穗中N、P、K质量分数明显增加,增幅分别为6.15%、10.34%、13.12%,增施氮肥后,N、P、K累积量及小麦叶中N质量分数与常氮相比明显增加,增幅分别为15.58%、11.91%、9.00%、10.74%,叶中P、K质量分数也有所增加但增幅很小,而增施氮肥对其他部位的N、P、K质量分数影响不大。臭氧和氮肥对茎部干质量及N、P、K质量分数影响均不明显。总之,增施氮肥对小麦在臭氧胁迫下的生物量累积和养分累积有一定的缓解作用。     

Energy budgets reveal equal benefits of varied migration strategies in northern gannets

We investigated migration and wintering of adult northern gannets (Morus bassanus) breeding in east Scotland, North Sea, by deploying geolocation loggers over three winters. The wintering ranges of these birds varied from the North Sea to the Atlantic off West Africa. Flight time was taken as a proxy for migration and foraging effort. Gannets wintering off Africa had higher total flight times during migration than birds wintering further north. Total flight times in different wintering regions were generally low. Birds off West Africa consistently spent < 25 % of daylight hours in flight, but birds further north showed more variable values that may reflect more variable weather or food availability. Winter sea surface temperatures ranged from 9 °C (North Sea) to 16 °C (West Africa). Thermostatic costs in winter as estimated by measuring thermal conductance in carcasses in still air and water were 28 % higher in North Sea than off West Africa. This effect is aggravated by higher thermostatic costs caused by stronger wind chills in the North Sea compared to the conditions off West Africa. Birds wintering close to the UK arrived at the colony on average 12 days earlier than birds wintering off West Africa. We conclude that the net cost-benefit analysis may be similar for all wintering areas investigated.     

How does eliminating mercury from artisanal and small-scale gold mining lead to achieving sustainable development goals?

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the principal anthropogenic activity that globally contributes to overloading our environment with mercury. Although the Minamata Convention, led by the United Nations, is a crucial instrument to eliminate its use progressively, novel approaches to accelerate this difficult transition are welcome. This article proposes a framework for policy-making or improvement, fostering the enforcement of mercury elimination through the lens of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on the excluded artisanal and small-scale gold miners and their dependents. We move forward with a literature review of the Artisanal and Small Mining topic, taking each SDG as a unit of analysis. Understanding the problem as a puzzle of four sets of pieces, namely: (1) social, (2) environmental, (3) economic, and (4) institutional, the paper offers potential opportunities for the decision-makers and practitioners to accelerate the substitution of this heavy metal and develop sustainable futures for the ASGM communities. We conclude by proposing a pragmatic framework that synthesizes the means, actions, and ends to accelerate a sustainable transition.     

基于参数优化和蒙特卡罗模拟的砷污染地块健康风险评估

风险评估是污染地块风险管理的关键环节.而在具体As污染地块管理实践中,基于污染物总量和默认参数的方法难以获得符合实际的健康风险,进而不能达到后期修复治理等管控要求,目前越来越多的研究通过考虑生物有效性、修正参数、结合概率模型等方法开展风险评估.以某大型As污染地块为典型案例,布设432个采样点并采集不同深度土壤样品,分析As污染程度及分布特征,通过文献调研和Monte Carlo模拟修正模型参数,并在此基础上开展概率风险评估,比较探讨传统方法与概率方法对健康风险评估结果的影响.结果表明,研究区域表层土壤ω（As）范围为2.70~97.0 mg·kg^-1,空间变异系数为0.61,空间连续性较弱.传统风险评估方法所得致癌风险和危害指数分别为2.12E-4和8.36,高估了实际风险水平,结合模型参数修正和概率风险评估发现,成人和儿童的非致癌风险处于可接受水平,致癌风险相较传统方法降低近1个数量级.考虑As相对生物有效性（RBA）后,总致癌风险的95%分位值为1.24E-5,相较未修正对应的风险值1.95E-5,降幅可达36.41%.研究区域土壤As对成人和儿童的致癌风险超过可接受风险水平1E-6,其中经口摄入土壤是主要暴露途径.此外,敏感性分析结果显示,As含量、每日土壤摄入量和儿童暴露期对健康风险影响相对较大.研究结果可为砷污染地块精准风险评估提供方法理论依据,并为地块的精细化风险管控提供思路.     

不同时空尺度下土地利用结构与空间格局对苏州河水质的影响

土地利用与河湖水质的关系存在时空异质性.以上海苏州河为研究对象,基于2001、2005、2010、2015和2020年水质监测和土地利用数据,提取5种空间尺度（200、500、1 000、2 000和5 000 m河段缓冲区）的景观格局指数,采用相关分析和冗余分析,研究了多时空尺度下苏州河水质与缓冲带土地利用构成和空间格局特征的响应关系.结果表明：①苏州河水质近20年呈逐步改善趋势,TN是当前水体主要污染物.②不同尺度缓冲带土地利用均以建设用地为主,绿地林地占比呈小幅增长趋势.③缓冲带土地利用景观特征与水质存在关联性,并表现出时间和空间尺度效应.时间尺度上,建设用地、农业用地、景观优势度、聚集度和多样性指数与各项水质参数呈现出显著的相关性.就NH₄⁺-N、TP和TN而言,2010年呈现出与其他年份相反的相关关系.2001年土地利用景观特征对水质的总解释率最高,为93.65%.近10年来,绿地林地对水质的调控作用凸显.④空间尺度上,绿地林地、斑块数量、景观形状和多样性指数与大部分水质指标呈现出显著的相关性.绿地林地对NH₄⁺-N、TP和TN的正调控效应均以2 000 m尺度最强.斑块数量和景观形状指数在较大空间尺度上对水质的调控作用相对较强,而香农多样性指数则在小尺度上对水质起到较好的正调控作用.2 000 m尺度下土地利用景观特征对水质总解释率最高,为68.47%.研究表明,增加2 000 m缓冲区内绿地林地的面积并优化其景观配置将对苏州河水质保护具有积极作用.     

珠江水体表层沉积物中PAHs的含量与来源研究

沿珠江白鹅潭水域及大学城官州河流域设立6个采样点,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物。参照美国EPA8000系列方法及质量保证和质量控制,对各采样点表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）进行分析,以阐明珠江广州河段表层沉积物中PAHs的含量和分布特征,并结合特征化合物指数对其来源作初步探讨。珠江广州河段表层沉积物中PAHs总量介于4 787.5～8 665 ng·g^-1,平均值为7 078 ng·g^-1,黄沙码头河涌出口沉积物中总量为最高（8 665 ng·g^-1）,芳村码头为最低（4 787.5 ng·g^-1）。16种多环芳烃中菲、荧蒽、芘含量较高,分别占PAHs总量的16.11%、14.47%和17.77%。特征化合物荧蒽/202比值均小于0.5,茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/276比值均大于0.2,表明珠江广州段表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧。     

典型灌区稻田多氯联苯残留特征及生态风险评估

以南方典型小灌区的两块稻田为试验小区,采用GC-ECD对其田间水体和土壤中EPA优控14种多氯联苯（PCBs）进行了检测和定量分析。结果表明,14种PCBs同系物有不同程度检出,优势残留物主要以3氯和5氯取代PCBs为主,水和土壤占PCBs总量的88.24%、90.13%。水中∑PCBs质量浓度为24.09～310.34ng·L^-1,其中地表水均值为245.84ng·L^-1,地下水均值为96.46ng·L^-1;土壤中∑PCBs质量分数为10.01～54.63ng·g^-1,均值为33.92ng·g^-1。稻田地表水中的PCBs质量浓度远高于地下水,垂向迁移明显但速度较慢;稻田地表及地下水中PCBs质量浓度有随时间衰减的趋势,可能与水稻的生育周期有关;淹灌处理稻田PCBs质量分数高于节水灌溉。研究区毒性当量TEQ在2.65×10^-2～7.54×10^-2pg·g^-1之间,生态风险处于中等水平。地表及地下水均遭到污染,再加上PCBs具有生态累积效应,危害不容忽视。     

Towards a long-term integrated monitoring programme in Europe: network design in theory and practice

Long-term integrated monitoring is an important approach forinvestigating, detecting and predicing the effects ofenvironmental changes. Currently, European freshwaters,glaciers, forests and other narural and semi-natural ecosystemsand habitats are monitored by a number of networks establishedby different organisations. However, many monitoring programmeshave a narrow focus (e.g. targeting individual ecosystems) andmost have different measurement protocols and sampling design.This has resulted in poor integration of ecosystem monitoring ata European level, leading to some overlapping of efforts and alack of harmonised data to inform policy decisions. The need fora consistent pan-European long-term integrated monitoring ofterrestrial systems programme is recognised in the scientificcommunity. However, the design of such a system can be problematic, not least because of the constraints imposed bythe need to make maximum use of existing sites and networks.Based on the outcomes of the NoLIMITS project (Networking ofLong-term Integrated Monitoring in Terrestrial Systems), thisarticle reviews issues that should be addressed in designing aprogramme based on existing monitoring sites and networks. Fourmajor design issues are considered: (i) users' requirements,(ii) the need to address multiple objectives, (iii) role ofexisting sites and (iv) operational aspects.