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Labban R Veranth JM Watson JG Chow JC 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(9):1230-1242
This study tested the feasibility of using pyrolysis (Py)-gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) to obtain organic chemical species data suitable for source apportionment modeling of soil-derived coarse particulate matter (PM10) dust on ambient filters. A laboratory resuspension apparatus was used with known soils to generate simulated receptor filter samples loaded with approximately 0.4 mg of PM10 dust, which is within the range of mass loading on ambient filters. Py-GC/MS at 740 degrees C generated five times more resolvable compounds than were obtained with thermal desorption GC/MS at 315 degrees C. The identified compounds were consistent with literature from Py experiments using larger samples of bulk soils. A subset of 91 organic species out of the 178 identified Py products was used as input to CMB8 software in a demonstration of source apportionment using laboratory-generated mixtures simulating ambient filter samples. The 178 quantified organic species obtained by Py of soil samples is an improvement compared with the 38 organic species obtained by thermal desorption of soils and the four functionally defined organic fractions reported by thermal/ optical reflectance. Significant differences in the concentration of specific species were seen between samples from different sites, both geographically distant and close, using analysis of variance and cluster analysis. This feasibility study showed that Py-GC/MS can generate useful source profile data for receptor modeling and justifies continued method development. 相似文献
54.
Amy B. Levine MD Keith A. Eddleman Usha Chitkara Judith P. Willner Robert J. Vosatka Richard L. Berkowitz 《黑龙江环境通报》1991,11(2):111-115
Two cases of severe polyhydramnios are presented in which the unsuspected diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy was made in the patient and the fetus. 相似文献
55.
Monitoring of particulate matter outdoors 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
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Chow JC Watson JG Louie PK Chen LW Sin D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,137(2):334-344
Samples from Hong Kong, China, were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and total carbon (TC) by three thermal protocols (low-temperature IMPROVE and high-temperature STN and NIOSH) and two optical monitoring methods: reflectance and transmittance. Good agreement (+/-10%) for TC among the three protocols was observed for sample loadings of 1-55 microg m(-3). The two protocols using a reflectance pyrolysis correction showed best agreement for EC, with <20% differences found for approximately 80% of the samples. Hong Kong has a large diesel fleet, and for some heavily loaded samples the light transmittance was too low for quantitative detection, resulting in large uncertainties in the OC/EC split based on transmittance. Hong Kong experienced OC levels similar to those at US sites, but has much higher EC concentrations. OC/EC ratios range from 2 to 5 at two US sites and from 0.2 to 1.2 at three Hong Kong sites. 相似文献
59.
Joyeeta Gupta Catrien Termeer Judith Klostermann Sander Meijerink Margo van den Brink Pieter Jong Sibout Nooteboom Emmy Bergsma 《Environmental Science & Policy》2010,13(6):459-471
Climate change potentially brings continuous and unpredictable changes in weather patterns. Consequently, it calls for institutions that promote the adaptive capacity of society and allow society to modify its institutions at a rate commensurate with the rate of environmental change. Institutions, traditionally conservative and reactive, will now have to support social actors to proactively respond through planned processes and deliberate steps, but also through cherishing and encouraging spontaneous and autonomous change, as well as allowing for institutional redesign. This paper addresses the question: How can the inherent characteristics of institutions to stimulate the capacity of society to adapt to climate change from local through to national level be assessed? On the basis of a literature review and several brainstorm sessions, this paper presents six dimensions: Variety, learning capacity, room for autonomous change, leadership, availability of resources and fair governance. These dimensions and their 22 criteria form the Adaptive Capacity Wheel. This wheel can help academics and social actors to assess if institutions stimulate the adaptive capacity of society to respond to climate change; and to focus on whether and how institutions need to be redesigned. This paper also briefly demonstrates the application of this Adaptive Capacity Wheel to different institutions. 相似文献
60.
Judith Morales Alberto Velando Roxana Torres 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):197-203
Avian eggshell color is remarkably variable among and within species and its possible function has long been controversial.
Female birds use biliverdin pigment to color their eggs blue and green. Although evidence is accumulating that blue-green
eggshell coloration is costly to produce, the exact mechanisms underlying its expression are little studied. Biliverdin pigment
is involved in important maintenance functions such as immune and antioxidant defenses and shows similar properties to carotenoid
pigments. Carotenoids play a role as immunoenhancers and have the potential to ameliorate the impact of oxidative processes,
although their antioxidant function could be minor for some bird species. Important life-history components can be limited
by carotenoid availability, including sexual displays and fecundity. Here we explored if biliverdin-based eggshell pigmentation
was affected by carotenoid availability in a seabird, by performing a carotenoid supplementation experiment in female blue-footed
boobies (Sula nebouxii) after laying their first egg. In this species, blue eggshell color is associated with incubation patterns, and carotenoid
availability affects the crucial trade-off between female foot ornamentation and fecundity. We found that under natural conditions,
there was a decline in eggshell color with laying order, suggesting pigment limitation for females. However, carotenoid-supplemented
females had enhanced second egg coloration compared to controls, and the color increase was independent of their previous
pigment allocation to the first egg. Our results suggest that biliverdin-based eggshell coloration is costly to produce and
can be alleviated by current carotenoid availability. 相似文献