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121.
The possibility to include in expanded clay little amounts of metallic ions present in waste material, without significant influence on the environment, was investigated. In this article, known quantities of cadmium(II), lead(II), chromium(III), and chromium(VI) were added to a mixture of raw pit clay, adding a small amount of mineral oil. The resultant paste was heated at 1200°C, in conditions to provide the commercial product with the best characteristics of lightness. The obtained pellets were analyzed in two ways. A sample of expanded clay was crushed, added to with KNaCO3 and melted. The melted mass, after cooling, was dissolved in HCl or in water and analyzed. The composition of the raw pit clay was analyzed as a blank. In parallel, pellets were subjected to a leaching process and the eluate was analyzed for the added cations. The concentration of the metal ions in the leached water is negligible compared with that generally admitted in drinking water. 相似文献
122.
The prevalence of older drivers’ engagement in distracting activities while driving is largely unexplored. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the city of Braunschweig, Germany, comparing a sample of older drivers (n = 205) to a group of middle-aged drivers (n = 209). The drivers were interviewed on their engagement in distracting activities during the last half an hour of their driving trip, including the frequency and duration of these activities, their perception of the risk associated with these distracting activities and the role of these activities in at-fault crashes. Middle-aged drivers were significantly more likely to engage in certain distracting activities than older drivers. With regard to the duration of interactions with the passengers older drivers were significantly more talkative than middle-aged drivers. Middle-aged drivers rated most of the distracting activities as significantly less dangerous than older drivers. Distraction-related crashes are not a special problem of older drivers but seem to be very comparable to the middle-aged drivers. It is concluded that older drivers’ reluctance to engage in distracting tasks while driving is either a process of self-regulation or their age-related prudence. The study is the first to gather knowledge about distraction in German older drivers. Although older drivers are not currently overrepresented in distraction-related crashes, it is important to note that future cohorts of older drivers might differ in the way they engage with vehicles and technologies, which in turn may influence their driving patterns and willingness to engage in potentially distracting activities. 相似文献
123.
124.
Julia Kravchenko Thomas H. Darrah Richard K. Miller H. Kim Lyerly Avner Vengosh 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2014,36(4):797-814
There is an increasing public awareness of the relatively new and expanded industrial barium uses which are potential sources of human exposure (e.g., a shale gas development that causes an increased awareness of environmental exposures to barium). However, absorption of barium in exposed humans and a full spectrum of its health effects, especially among chronically exposed to moderate and low doses of barium populations, remain unclear. We suggest a systematic literature review (from 1875 to 2014) on environmental distribution of barium, its bioaccumulation, and potential and proven health impacts (in animal models and humans) to provide the information that can be used for optimization of future experimental and epidemiological studies and developing of mitigative and preventive strategies to minimize negative health effects in exposed populations. The potential health effects of barium exposure are largely based on animal studies, while epidemiological data for humans, specifically for chronic low-level exposures, are sparse. The reported health effects include cardiovascular and kidney diseases, metabolic, neurological, and mental disorders. Age, race, dietary patterns, behavioral risks (e.g., smoking), use of medications (those that interfere with absorbed barium in human organism), and specific physiological status (e.g., pregnancy) can modify barium effects on human health. Identifying, evaluating, and predicting the health effects of chronic low-level and moderate-level barium exposures in humans is challenging: Future research is needed to develop an understanding of barium bioaccumulation in order to mitigate its potential health impacts in various exposured populations. Further, while occupationally exposed at-risk populations exist, it is also important to identify potentially vulnerable subgroups among non-occupationally exposed populations (e.g., elderly, pregnant women, children) who are at higher risk of barium exposure from drinking water and food. 相似文献
125.
Ine Dorresteijn Andra Ioana Milcu Julia Leventon Jan Hanspach Joern Fischer 《Ambio》2016,45(4):490-500
Facilitating human–carnivore coexistence depends on the biophysical environment but also on social factors. Focusing on Central Romania, we conducted 71 semi-structured interviews to explore human–bear (Ursus arctos) coexistence. Qualitative content and discourse analysis identified three socially mediated thematic strands, which showed different ways in which perceived interactions between people, bears and the environment shape coexistence. The “landscape-bear strand” described perceptions of the way in which the landscape offers resources for the bear, while the “landscape-human strand” related to ways in which humans experience the landscape. The “management strand” related to the way bears was managed. All three strands highlight both threats and opportunities for the peaceful coexistence of people and bears. Management and policy interventions could be improved by systematically considering the possible effects of interventions on each of the three strands shaping coexistence. Future research should explore the relevance of the identified thematic strands in other settings worldwide.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0760-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献126.
Disaggregated contributions of ecosystem services to human well-being: a case study from Eastern Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andra-Ioana Horcea-Milcu Julia Leventon Jan Hanspach Joern Fischer 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1779-1791
Aggregated analyses of the benefits from ecosystem services (ES) to well-being neglect important differences among beneficiaries and fail to capture the complexity of factors that mediate the ES–well-being relationship. Based on 25 group interviews, we disaggregated the ES–well-being relationships across six groups of potential beneficiaries in a farming landscape in central Romania, Eastern Europe. We explored what mediates distributional patterns of needs and benefits among beneficiaries and identified six contextual factors: (1) characteristics of the appropriated ES; (2) policies, formal institutions, and markets; (3) social and power relations, and informal institutions; (4) household decisions and individual contexts; (5) different perceptions and understandings of equity; and (6) individually held values. Based on these empirically derived factors, we developed a conceptual model of mediating factors that holistically takes into account the contextual space between ES and human beneficiaries. This model provides a framework for unpacking ES–well-being relationships that may guide ES research across varying socioeconomic cases. Notably, this model of mediating factors incorporates an equity perspective that is more refined than the dominant discourse on the relation between poverty and ES (which typically emphasizes that poor people are most dependent on ES, but neglects factors such as power relations and held values). Recognizing multiple contextual factors that shape the contribution of ES to well-being opens doors for harnessing new interdisciplinary collaborations and can help to inform more holistic policy interventions. 相似文献
127.
Stephen G. Perz Jeffrey Hoelle Karla Rocha Veronica Passos Flavia Leite Julia Cortes 《Journal of Land Use Science》2017,12(4):231-251
In the complex causation behind land change, dependent causation can play a central role. A case in point concerns land tenure diversity, where contrasting use rules for different lands may affect the impacts of other drivers on land use outcomes. We therefore evaluate the evolutionary theory of land rights (ETLR), which assumes homogeneous private property rights, in order to test for dependent causation due to distinct use rules among various types of private lands. In the present analysis, we focus on whether land tenure type modifies the effects of highway infrastructure on key outcomes highlighted in the ETLR framework. We take up the case of rural settlements along the Inter-Oceanic Highway in the eastern part of the Brazilian state of Acre, where there is considerable land tenure diversity. Findings from multivariate models for land titling, the castanha nut harvest, and cattle pasture all indicate that the effects of infrastructure depend on land tenure type. These results confirm the importance of dependent causation behind land use and bear implications for theory on land change, infrastructure impacts, and land system science. 相似文献
128.
The social consequences of a natural/technological disaster: evidence from Louisiana and Mississippi
Julia A. Flagg 《Local Environment》2017,22(3):306-320
Disaster scholarship shows that people’s relationships stay the same or improve after natural disasters and become worse after technological, or human-induced, events. Using the case of Katrina, this research explores what happens to people’s relationships after a disaster that began with a catastrophic natural event and was followed by numerous failures in the way human institutions responded to the event. Through an analysis of survey data collected in devastated areas of Louisiana and Mississippi in 2008, this study tests how consequences of both natural (damage to the home and having to leave the home) and technological events (distrust in government, stress, concern about toxic exposure, and pursuing litigation) affect people’s relationships with family members and community groups. Damage to the home, distrust in government, and the pursuit of litigation lead to declines in people’s relationships. These experiences are more likely to change intimate relationships (with family) than relationships in the broader community. The relevance that these findings have for creating better social justice outcomes after future disasters is discussed. 相似文献
129.
Energy efficiency and conservation for individual Americans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. Pimentel Jennifer Gardner Adam Bonnifield Ximena Garcia Julie Grufferman Claire Horan Julia Schlenker Emily Walling Emily Rochon 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(3):523-546
Americans make up only 4% of the world population, yet currently consume 25% of the world’s fossil fuels. The U.S. imports
63% of its oil and it is predicted that by 2020 the U.S. will be importing 95% of its oil resources. Over the past century,
ample and affordable supplies of fossil fuels have powered the growth and prosperity of the economies of the US and other
countries. Within this century, world oil supplies will decline while demand is projected to continue to increase, suggesting
that we will have to transition to different fuels or become much more energy efficient or both. Looking ahead to the near
decades, estimates are that consumers will have to reduce their energy use by at least 50%. This reduction will be necessary
in large part due the decline in the availability of conventional oil and gas, but also because the U.S. population will continue
to grow in number. Although government action is important, individuals too often discount their ability to make significant
contributions to solving such major problems. This investigation identifies how informed and concerned individuals can collectively
conserve fossil energy.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
130.
Ecological Engineering Practices for the Reduction of Excess Nitrogen in Human-Influenced Landscapes: A Guide for Watershed Managers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elodie Passeport Philippe Vidon Kenneth J. Forshay Lora Harris Sujay S. Kaushal Dorothy Q. Kellogg Julia Lazar Paul Mayer Emilie K. Stander 《Environmental management》2013,51(2):392-413
Excess nitrogen (N) in freshwater systems, estuaries, and coastal areas has well-documented deleterious effects on ecosystems. Ecological engineering practices (EEPs) may be effective at decreasing nonpoint source N leaching to surface and groundwater. However, few studies have synthesized current knowledge about the functioning principles, performance, and cost of common EEPs used to mitigate N pollution at the watershed scale. Our review describes seven EEPs known to decrease N to help watershed managers select the most effective techniques from among the following approaches: advanced-treatment septic systems, low-impact development (LID) structures, permeable reactive barriers, treatment wetlands, riparian buffers, artificial lakes and reservoirs, and stream restoration. Our results show a broad range of N-removal effectiveness but suggest that all techniques could be optimized for N removal by promoting and sustaining conditions conducive to biological transformations (e.g., denitrification). Generally, N-removal efficiency is particularly affected by hydraulic residence time, organic carbon availability, and establishment of anaerobic conditions. There remains a critical need for systematic empirical studies documenting N-removal efficiency among EEPs and potential environmental and economic tradeoffs associated with the widespread use of these techniques. Under current trajectories of N inputs, land use, and climate change, ecological engineering alone may be insufficient to manage N in many watersheds, suggesting that N-pollution source prevention remains a critical need. Improved understanding of N-removal effectiveness and modeling efforts will be critical in building decision support tools to help guide the selection and application of best EEPs for N management. 相似文献