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41.
George Teke Forbid Julius Numbonui Ghogomu Günter Busch Reinhard Frey 《The Environmentalist》2011,31(3):254-262
Lack of technology and efficient management of solid waste coupled with poverty have motivated most developing countries to
sort for cheap waste disposal methods with negative consequences on the environment. Open burning at waste dumps causes serious
toxicological impacts. Most organic solid waste excluding plastics when burned cause considerably little environmental pollution.
However, non-stoichiometric combustion of waste plastics produces significant amounts of various aliphatic and aromatic compounds,
acidic gases, dust and smoke. These products pollute the air, water and soil generating significant health problems with related
socioeconomic impacts on human, animals and plants. Some of these pollutants are toxic and/or carcinogenic, form acid-rain
and influence climate change. Critical discourse and research on environmental toxicology resulting from air pollution with
related health risk and impacts have been catalysed by the enactment of major environmental regulations and increased awareness.
The new clean air act amendment of 1990 is estimated to require about $25billion annually for its implementation in the United
States, indicating the gravity of the pollution problem. Understanding, controlling and mitigating the impacts of chemical
pollution from multiple sources related to open burning of plastics is complex. This paper uses content analysis of relevant
literature and field observations to analyse, evaluate and identify characteristic pollutants including their transmission
potentials, sources and impacts on human health with the assessment, prevention and management of related risk. An affordable
technology-based approach applied within a bottom-up management strategy to prevent and control pollution offers a sustainable
solution underpinned by resource and energy recovery from waste. 相似文献
42.
Motuzas Algirdas Vaisvalavicius Rimantas Prosyevas Igoris 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(1):55-62
The article discusses methodological investigations for the improvement and unification of soil testing in combination with the application of complex physico-chemical methods. An analytical procedure involving different extractions was used in order to determine the total and mobile amount of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc.) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in soil and its fine-dispersive fraction (< 0.005 mm). The average samples (effected upon by background pollution) ofCalcari Epihypogleyic Luvisol, (Lvg-p-w-cc, FAO-Unesco, 1998) has been taken from the rotation field of the experimental station of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Subsequendy, a fine-dispersive fraction was separated by a principle of peptization in distilled water. The investigation results obtained have shown a substantial dependence on the extractor used and the amount of fine-dispersive fraction in soil as well. It was found that the greatest reliability of the mobile heavy metal form is by using 1N CH3 COONH4 extractor and anHCl+HF mixture extractor for their total amount. Additionally, for the first time in Lithuania, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) it has been applied for the interpretation of soil chemical composition. 相似文献
43.
Horizontal mixing in shallow lakes plays a significant role in sustaining sound life-supporting processes by facilitating homogenization of water in terms of suspended and dissolved matter. A simple method for the quantification of mixing has been outlined in order to establish a reliable basis of comparison; subsequently, it has been applied to the following studied cases. Mixing has been studied by numerical experiments through the case of the shallow Palic Lake. The mathematical formulation of the applied numerical model is described in detail. In the following, the significance of each current driving force influencing the flow patterns has been analyzed. Wind forcing has by far outweighed other forces. Because of this, focus has been put on the influence of wind action on mixing. The intensity of mixing, induced by characteristic steady winds, has been compared with that produced by unsteady winds. Results at the end of both 30- and 60-day wind forcing periods are presented. They suggest that large-scale circulations dominate the mixing processes. Consequently, a steady wind inducing favorable, far-reaching circulations may result in outstanding mixing in a short period of time. In the long run, however, unsteady winds produce more intensive mixing. 相似文献
44.
Indices based on network theory are often used to describe food web functioning. These indices take as input food web flows that are estimated based on merging of (scarce) data with linear inverse methods (LIMs). Due to under sampling, most food webs are highly uncertain and can only be quantified within a specific uncertainty range. The linear inverse method (LIM) can estimate food web flows using a variety of techniques, e.g. the parsimonious or minimum norm (MN) solution, which selects one food web, based on a quadratic minimization technique or the Monte Carlo solution where a finitely many random solutions are generated which are then averaged. We use the Monte Carlo approach (MCA) to estimate the values of several indices from four published food webs, the Gulf of Riga for the autumn, summer and spring seasons, and the Takapoto atoll system. We first show that network indices are much better constrained than the uncertain food webs from which they are calculated. Therefore, even in the face of food web uncertainty, they are robust estimators of food web functioning. We then use the MCA-derived network indices to generate cumulative density functions for each index. These serve to compute the probabilities of the MN indices estimates being an extreme solution as compared to the median values. Our findings show that 82% of the MN solutions are smaller than the MCA solutions, and 63% of the network indices are significantly under-estimated. 相似文献
45.
Bars to Jars: Bamboo Value Chains in Cameroon 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bamboo is a well know and versatile material, which is a common sight across Cameroon's diverse ecosystems, from dry to humid tropical and Afromontane forests. Its numerous uses range from storage jars to decorating restaurant-bars, beehives to knives, fences, fodder, and fuel. Responding to the paucity of data on species and uses, the value chain for bamboo in Cameroon was analyzed. Based on 171 interviews and field observations, two African indigenous species (alpine Yushania alpina and savannah Oxytenanthera abyssinica) and exotic (Bambusa vulgaris spp.) bamboos were identified as most utilized. They were tracked from major production zones to final consumers. The ecological, socio-economic, institutional, and governance contexts and impacts are described and analyzed. Issues for research, conservation, and development are highlighted. These include the ambiguous regulatory status, the relationship between tenure and management, threats and conservation of African species and options to increase the sustainable livelihoods for stakeholders dependent upon bamboo. 相似文献
46.
Nahomi Isogai Jonathan N. Hogarh Nobuyasu Seike Yuso Kobara Femi Oyediran Mengnjo J. Wirmvem Samuel N. Ayonghe Julius Fobil Shigeki Masunaga 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(32):31828-31835
Most African countries have ratified the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are expected to reduce emissions of POPs such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to the atmosphere. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that there are contemporary sources of OCPs in African countries despite the global ban on these products. This study investigated the atmospheric contamination from OCPs in four West African countries—Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon—to ascertain the emission levels of OCPs and the characteristic signatures of contamination. Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed in each country for ca. 55 days in 2012 and analyzed for 25 OCPs. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs constituted the highest burden of atmospheric OCPs in the target countries, at average concentrations of 441 pg m?3 (range 23–2718) and 403 pg m?3 (range 91–1880), respectively. Mirex had the lowest concentration, ranged between 0.1 and 3.3 pg m?3. The concentration of OCPs in rainy season was higher than in dry season in Cameroon, and presupposed inputs from agriculture during the rainy season. The concentrations of ∑25 OCPs in each country were in the following order: Cameroon > Nigeria > Benin > Togo. There was significant evidence, based on chemical signatures of the contamination that DDT, aldrin, chlordane, and endosulfan were recently applied at certain sites in the respective countries. 相似文献
47.
Chia Poh Wai Lim Ban Soon Yong Fu Siong Julius Poh Seng-Chee Kan Su-Yin 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2018,16(4):1493-1499
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Bisenols and its derivatives are attractive heterocyclic compounds exhibiting a wide range of biological properties, including anticancer, antipyretic and... 相似文献
48.
49.
Nsajig wa E.Mbije Gregory M.Wagner Julius Francis Marcus C.Ohman Kajsa Garpe 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(7):609-611
东非珊瑚礁的特点是它位于一个离散的动物地理学分区[1],具有经由赤道流接纳和重新分配偏远的种属物质的潜在重要性[2].尽管如此,该地区仍然是世界上研究最少的地区之一.例如,在坦桑尼亚,尽管珊瑚礁是众多的人赖以为生的重要自然资源,却没有受到应有的重视和研究[3~5].为数不多的研究定量分析过坦桑尼亚的珊瑚礁结构[6~13],而且大部分只是限于对一些礁砰进行基线研究. 相似文献
50.
Julius Bartels 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1962,49(14):313-323