Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

饱和粉末活性炭电化学再生研究

采用电化学再生法对吸附处理染料废水产生的饱和粉末活性炭(PAC)进行再生,以NaCl为电解质,考察了电源类型、pH、再生时间、电压和NaCl浓度对活性炭再生率的影响,并对活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团进行测定。结果表明:(1)在pH=1、直流电压为6V、NaCl为6g/L、再生90min的最佳条件下,采用单室反应器,饱和PAC再生率达到59.09%。(2)电极循环伏安曲线结果表明,饱和PAC电极表面发生氧化反应,与主电极直接和间接氧化共同作用,使活性炭表面吸附的污染物降解。活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团滴定和红外光谱测试结果进一步表明,电化学再生法使活性炭表面基团得到恢复。     

喀斯特生态环境治理下土壤保持功能对石漠化的响应机制

喀斯特地区土壤保持功能是衡量石漠化生态治理成效的重要手段之一,基于InVEST模型,利用"3S"技术对2005、2010、2015年的关岭-贞丰花江示范区的石漠化进行解译,研究石漠化与土壤保持量两者的响应机制。结果表明:(1)2005～2015年石漠化程度总体减缓,面积由3 773.56 hm~2减少至3 474.23 hm~2,土壤保持总量相继上升,从29.29万t提高至37.29万t,2005～2010年单位面积土壤保持增量集中在6～30 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),后五年增量在0～6 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。(2)由于土地利用方式、坡度、土层厚度等差异,土壤保持功能并未呈现简单式下降,而是表现为强度中度、轻度潜在、非喀斯特无石漠化。其中轻度与潜在差值最大,可达5.53 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),说明了潜在石漠化是今后治理的重点。(3)2005～2010年石漠化恢复型土壤保持增量为10.27 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),由于土地利用方式的转变以及治理时效性在2010～2015年降低为3.01 t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。稳定型石漠化变化土壤保持变化最为平稳,强度石漠化减缓区土壤保持功能上升快,轻度最为平缓,表明了治理期长且需循序渐进。因而,在治理过程中需考虑不同等级石漠化具有的土壤保持功能特性及其恢复的时效性。     

面向县域尺度SDG 15.1.2的生物多样性重要区域遥感识别和量化评估——以德清县为例

联合国2030年可持续发展目标(SDG)中指标15.1.2由于元数据的尺度和可用性的问题,无法有效应用于县域尺度的评估。针对这一问题,利用遥感的数据及相关模型,基于县域尺度指标计算的考虑,从生物多样性的内涵出发,构建了一套生物多样性遥感评估指标体系,成功识别了案例区域生物多样性重要场地,实现了县域尺度SDG 15.1.2的量化计算。结果表明,研究区德清县在SDG 15.1.2实施情况良好,构造的生物多样性指数能够有效地监测县域尺度生物多样性状况及其变化。研究为SDG 15.1.2的评估提供了一种可操作的有效方法,为基层行政区域实现可持续发展的规划提供精准的参考信息。     

浅埋富含水砂层盾构下穿敏感性建筑水平冻结+短钢箱接收技术∗

盾构始发与接收是盾构法隧道施工的关键风险点,以常州地铁1号线一期工程博爱路站-常州火车站区间下行线盾构接收工程为例,隧道下穿常州火车站站厅,隧道顶部距地下大厅结构底板仅3.75 m,受地面条件限制采用水平冻结加固方式。通过对冻结温度场、卸压孔压力及车站底板隆起进行跟踪监测与分析,结果表明:受地下水影响温度下降缓慢,车站底板因冻胀隆起较大,最大隆起处位于隧道端头中心线处约为46 mm,且底板隆起值与测点温度的变化密切相关;为防止温度低引起冻胀过大造成上部结构破坏,采取在冻结壁外围适度卸水进行卸压措施;在冻结壁交圈但厚度尚未完全达到冻结设计要求情况下,提出加装短钢箱装置进行盾构接收。实践表明,适度卸压水平冻结+加装短钢箱接收方式密封止水效果良好,安全可靠,可为今后类似工程提供可行技术。     

国内外牵引变压器过负荷计算区别

对国内外牵引变压器过负荷要求进行了分析,结合本单位实际遇到的过负荷计算实例,通过计算及试验验证了铁路牵引变压器过负荷能力对变压器设计的影响。     

Influence of paint chips on lead concentration in the soil of public playgrounds in Tokyo

Lead concentration in the surface soils from 31 playgrounds in a ward in Tokyo was measured to examine if paint chips, peeled off from playing equipment installed in the playgrounds, contribute to elevated Pb concentration in the soil of public playgrounds. Lead concentration in the paint chips sampled from playgrounds ranged from 0.003 to 8.9%. Lead concentration in the surface soil ranged from 15.2 to 237 mg kg(-1) (average, 55.5 mg kg(-1)) and higher Pb concentration was found in the soil near painted playing equipment indicating that paint chips from playing equipment contributed to increase soil Pb level of playgrounds in Tokyo. The degree of peeling-off of paint on the surface of playing equipment in the public playground (peeling-off index: POI) positively correlated with Pb concentration in the soil (Spearman rank-correlation coefficient, r = 0.366, p = 0.043). The stronger correlation between Pb concentration and isotope ratios (207Pb/206Pb and Pb conc., r = 0.536, p = 0.002, 208Pb/206Pb and Pb conc. r = 0.600, p < 0.001) than that between Pb and POI indicated that gasoline Pb contributed more to the playground-to-playground variation in soil Pb concentration. It was concluded that both gasoline Pb of the past and paint chips contributed to increased Pb concentration in the surface soil of playgrounds in Tokyo, though the contribution of paint chips is smaller than gasoline Pb.     

纳米二氧化铈的潜在生态风险及毒性作用机制研究进展

作为重要的纳米稀土化合物,纳米二氧化铈(CeO2 )被广泛应用于工、农、医学等领域,随之而来的是大量的纳米CeO2 在其生产使用和处理处置等过程中被释放进入到环境中,进而导致其生物安全性受到越来越多的关注.本文从纳米CeO2 对细胞、组织器官、植物、水生生物和土壤生物产生的毒性效应入手,系统综述了纳米CeO2 的潜在环...     

不同质地土壤对核素Sr-90阻滞及迁移的影响

为了给放射性废物填埋场选址、设计、建造和安全评估提供科学支撑,选择3种代表性质地的土壤(砂土、粉质壤土、黏土),采用室内动态土柱法,通过3个土柱体剖面Sr-90的浓度分布曲线和浓度峰迁移距离,研究Sr-90在不同质地土壤介质中的吸附特性和迁移规律。砂土、粉质壤土、黏土的喷淋量分别为60 m L/d、52 m L/d、60 m L/d,试验时间分别为102 d、390 d、390 d。试验结束后Sr-90浓度峰在砂土、粉质壤土、黏土中垂直向下迁移了46.2 cm、3.0 cm、1.2 cm。Sr-90在砂土柱剖面的浓度分布曲线存在明显的不对称性和拖尾,即Sr-90从源层上洗脱下来后,受到砂土介质的吸附作用,待浓度峰值通过后,更多的Sr-90从之前的砂土介质中解吸出来,使得很长时间段内土柱体中保持相对较高的浓度,该现象在粉质壤土和黏土不明显。应用HYDRUS-1D软件建立平衡吸附、非平衡吸附两种模式下的核素迁移数值模型,发现砂土柱中两种模式的计算结果差别较大,粉质壤土、黏土柱两种模式的计算结果却逐渐接近,非平衡吸附模式考虑一级速率系数β能更好地描述浓度分布曲线的"拖尾"。Sr-90在砂土、粉质壤土、黏土中的一级速率系数β分别为0.56 d-1、13.2 d-1、42.0 d-1,随β增大,吸附、解吸速率加快,越容易达到平衡。     

碳酸镁与镉离子的吸附和沉淀作用研究

以碳酸镁为吸附剂,在镉离子初始浓度为0~6 mmol/L,初始pH值为4和7的条件下,研究了碳酸镁与镉离子的吸附与沉淀作用。结果表明,由于碳酸镁的溶解及与体系中氢离子的中和,碳酸镁—镉体系的最终pH值为10.4左右;体系的平衡pH值随着镉离子初始浓度的增加而减小;体系中镉的平衡浓度随着初始镉离子浓度的增加缓慢上升;碳酸镁对镉的吸附等温线为折线型,不符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,符合伪二阶吸附动力学模型。结合碳酸镁吸附镉前后固相表征的结果,说明碳酸镁与镉离子的作用机制随着镉离子浓度的增加,从离子交换发展为离子交换和表面配位反应并存,最后表现为表面沉淀。