Mobile monitoring along a street canyon and stationary forest air monitoring of formaldehyde by means of a micro-gas analysis system

A micro-gas analysis system (μGAS) was developed for mobile monitoring and continuous measurements of atmospheric HCHO. HCHO gas was trapped into an absorbing/reaction solution continuously using a microchannel scrubber in which the microchannels were patterned in a honeycomb structure to form a wide absorbing area with a thin absorbing solution layer. Fluorescence was monitored after reaction of the collected HCHO with 2,4-pentanedione (PD) in the presence of acetic acid/ammonium acetate. The system was portable, battery-driven, highly sensitive (limit of detection = 0.01 ppbv) and had good time resolution (response time 50 s). The results revealed that the PD chemistry was subject to interference from O(3). The mechanism of this interference was investigated and the problem was addressed by incorporating a wet denuder. Mobile monitoring was performed along traffic roads, and elevated HCHO levels in a street canyon were evident upon mapping of the obtained data. The system was also applied to stationary monitoring in a forest in which HCHO formed naturally via reaction of biogenic compounds with oxidants. Concentrations of a few ppbv-HCHO and several-tens of ppbv of O(3) were then simultaneously monitored with the μGAS in forest air monitoring campaigns. The obtained 1 h average data were compared with those obtained by 1 h impinger collection and offsite GC-MS analysis after derivatization with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBOA). From the obtained data in the forest, daily variations of chemical HCHO production and loss are discussed.     

新安江水库浮游植物群落特征及影响因素分析

为了解新安江水库浮游植物群落特征及影响因素,于2008年1月—2009年12月,对其浮游植物和相关理化因子进行了单月1次的采样。共检测到浮游植物103种(属),浮游植物密度为1.46×106~2.55×107cells/L,年平均密度为6.09×106cells/L,春、秋季出现2个密度峰值;浮游植物组成随季节变化有所不同,春、冬季硅藻、隐藻占优势,夏季蓝藻、绿藻占优势,秋季蓝藻、硅藻占优势;浮游植物密度与TP、Chl-a及上月降水量均呈显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与TN相关性不明显;水库的水文形势季节性变化显著影响浮游植物结构和密度的变化,浮游植物生长短期效应明显受流域降水和温度双重影响;从大尺度生态效应角度看,食物网的下行效应可能是目前影响新安江水库浮游植物密度的主导因素,大规模滤食性的杂食性鱼类对浮游动物造成较高的捕食压力,间接促进了浮游植物种群的增长;磷是关键的营养盐因子,保持水体低磷浓度和氮磷比大于100,对降低浮游植物密度有现实意义。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱法分析地表水中高氯酸盐

建立了高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子源-串联三重四极杆质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)测定地表水中高氯酸盐的方法。以Dionex IonPac AG20阴离子交换柱为分析柱,弱碱性的0.056%氨水/5 mmol/L乙酸氨为流动相,1.0 mL/min的流速,电喷雾负离子模式电离,MS/MS串联质谱为检测器,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测高氯酸盐。方法检出限达0.043μg/L,线性范围为0.2~50μg/L,线性相关系数为0.999 4,含量分别约为2、6、30μg/L的实际样品进样10次得到的相对标准偏差分别为2.47%、4.55%、0.49%,样品加标回收率在80%~109%,将该法与US EPA method314.0进行比对,结果基本吻合。     

“MMA”技术路线在太湖蓝藻水华监测中的应用

通过对3S技术整合,提出"MMA"技术路线应用于蓝藻水华监测,包括监测、测绘、分析等关键步骤。对太湖蓝藻水华研究结果表明,总体规律一致,但又有所差异。一方面,太湖蓝藻密度(CBD)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)及水华频率分布图结果均呈现"西高东低"的空间分布规律;另一方面,太湖湖心区CBD和Chl-a浓度亦较高,而遥感监测后的水华频率图显示为无水华或频率小于1%。故应参照"MMA"技术路线,综合应用3S技术,并核验比对,弥补单项技术存在的不足,全面真实反映藻类水华情况。"MMA"技术路线既适用于水华监测,亦可推广至其他环境监测工作。     

环境监测实验室方法确认过程中常见问题探讨

根据实验室资质认定对于方法确认的要求,结合环境监测实验室的特点,提出了新项目方法确认的具体步骤,并分析了其中存在的常见问题。指出在方法确认过程中,应严格按照标准方法和监测技术规范进行全过程试验,尤其不能忽视采样现场实验、空白实验和检出限的测定。建议在精密度与准确度检验过程中,使用高、中、低不同浓度的有证标准样品,实际样品加标回收,比对试验（方法比对、人员比对、实验室间比对）,增加分析次数等多种手段,确保新项目开展的可靠性。     

环境空气中汞的直接测定方法研究与应用

研究了环境空气中汞浓度的直接测定方法。利用金汞齐富集－便携式测汞仪对环境空气中的汞进行直接测定,具有简便、快捷、不使用化学试剂的优点。经测试,该方法在0～180 ng／m^3范围内具有良好的线性关系,最低检出浓度为5 ng／m^3。     

纸片法快速测定水质总大肠菌群

简要介绍了纸片法测定水质总大肠菌群的操作方法,并通过６个实验室的验证试验,研究了纸片法与现行标准方法（多管法）的一致性。结果表明,２种方法的测定结果基本一致,无显著性差异,但纸片法测定周期比多管法缩短了２ｄ,仅需１ｄ即可。     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

Land desertification monitoring and assessment in Yulin of Northwest China using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)

The objective of this study is to develop techniques for assessing and analysing land desertification in Yulin of Northwest China, as a typical monitoring region through the use of remotely sensed data and geographic information systems (GIS). The methodology included the use of Landsat TM data from 1987, 1996 and 2006, supplemented by aerial photos in 1960, topographic maps, field work and use of other existing data. From this, land cover, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), farmland, woodland and grassland maps at 1:100,000 were prepared for land desertification monitoring in the area. In the study, all data was entered into a GIS using ILWIS software to perform land desertification monitoring. The results indicate that land desertification in the area has been developing rapidly during the past 40 years. Although land desertification has to some extent been controlled in the area by planting grasses and trees, the issue of land desertification is still serious. The study also demonstrates an example of why the integration of remote sensing with GIS is critical for the monitoring of environmental changes in arid and semi-arid regions, e.g. in land desertification monitoring in the Yulin pilot area. However, land desertification monitoring using remote sensing and GIS still needs to be continued and also refined for the purpose of long-term monitoring and the management of fragile ecosystems in the area.     

ICP-MS法同时测定地表水中18种金属元素

以115In-103Rh为双内标校正系统,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地表水中铜、锌、硒、砷、汞、镉、铅、铁、锰、钼、钴、铍、锑、镍、钡、钒、钛、铊等18种金属元素,优化了测量同位素、内标元素等试验条件。18种金属元素在0μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.006μg/L～0.123μg/L,标准样品的测定值均在保证值范围内,平行测定的RSD为1.7%～4.2%,实际水样加标回收率为89.0%～100%。