Detection of DDT and its metabolites in two estuaries of South China using a SPME-based device: First report of p,p′-DDMU in water column

A solid-phase microextration-based sampling method was employed to determine the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its metabolites, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDE) and 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (DDMU), in two estuarine bays, Daya Bay and Hailing Bay, of South China. Six DDT components including p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDMU were detected in Hailing Bay, while only p,p′-DDD was found in Daya Bay. p,p′-DDD was the most abundant DDT component in both bays, sharply different from the previous finding in the water column of the Palos Verdes Shelf, California, USA that p,p′-DDE was prevalent. In addition, the occurrence of p,p′-DDMU (with a range of 0.047-0.21 ng/L in Hailing Bay) has not been reported around the globe, and its presence in our study region appeared to stem from dehydrochlorination of p,p′-DDD, favored under aerobic conditions, but further investigations are clearly needed to confirm the mechanism for generation of DDMU in estuarine environments.     

PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器的研制与开发

在颗粒物研究中,分级采样是一种常用的监测方法,而冲击采样器是颗粒物分级采样的重要仪器.根据斯托克斯数,对PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器设计参数进行了详细分析,并对PM10-PM2.5的捕集效率特征进行了分析.结果表明,PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器具备理想的PM10和PM2.5捕集效率,PM10冲击采样器、PM2.5冲击采样器切割粒径分别为9.94、2.43μm,均在其允许误差范围内.     

Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系处理活性艳红X-3B的试验研究

采用间歇式摇床试验,研究了葡萄糖共基质条件下Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中Fe^0投加量、pH值、染料初始浓度对活性艳红X-3B模拟废水脱色率的影响,比较了Fe^0-厌氧微生物、纯厌氧微生物及纯Fe^0 3种体系中废水的脱色效果。结果表明：Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中初始浓度（50～500mg／L）对活性艳红X-3B的脱色率影响不大;而Fe^0投加量、pH值存在一个最佳范围;当Fe^0投加量为260mg／L,pH值为6．0,污泥浓度为0．35gVSS／L,停留时间约为30h时,体系中活性艳红X-3B的脱色率可达90％左右,比相同试验条件下纯Fe^0、纯厌氧微生物体系达到此脱色率所需时间分别缩短了约1／2、7／10。在Fe^0-厌氧微生物体系中,由紫外可见分光光度分析可推测活性艳红X-3B的脱色机理主要是其偶氮键发生断裂,生成苯胺和萘类物质,而且苯胺和萘类物质能得到进一步降解。     

区域大气环境中PM2．5／PM10空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5／PM10空间分布的方法,并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5／PM10空间分布的研究。数据显示：相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性,多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0．95以上,而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同。文中给出了宁波市PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布图,直观地显示出PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布情况,突出了污染的重点点位和地区。     

Measurement of gas-phase total peroxides at the summit of Mount Tai in China

Measurement of ambient gas-phase total peroxides was performed at the summit of Mount Tai (Mt. Tai, 1534 m above sea level) in central-eastern China during March 22–April 24 and June 16–July 20, 2007. The hourly averaged concentration of peroxides was 0.17 ppbv (± 0.16 ppbv, maximum: 1.28 ppbv) and 0.55 ppbv (± 0.67 ppbv, maximum: 3.55 ppbv) in the spring and summer campaigns, respectively. The average concentration of peroxides at Mt. Tai, which is in a heavily polluted region, was much lower than hydrogen peroxide measurements made at some rural mountain sites, suggesting that significant removal processes took place in this region. An examination of diurnal variation and a correlation analysis suggest that these removal processes could include chemical suppression of peroxide production due to the scavenging of peroxy and hydroxy radicals by high NO_x, wet removal by clouds/fogs rich in dissolved sulfur dioxide which reacts quickly with peroxides, and photolysis. These sinks competed with photochemical sources of peroxides, resulting in different mean concentrations and diurnal pattern of peroxides in the spring and summer. A principal component analysis was conducted to quantify the major processes that influenced the variation of peroxide concentrations. This analysis shows that in the spring photochemical production was an important source of peroxides, and the major sink was scavenging during upslope transport of polluted and humid air from the lower part of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and wet removal by synoptic scale clouds. During the summer, highly polluted PBL air (with high NO_x) was often associated with very low peroxides due to the chemical suppression of HO₂ by high NO_x and wet-removal by clouds/fogs in this sulfur-rich atmosphere, especially during the daytime. Higher concentrations of peroxides, which often appeared at mid-nighttime, were mainly associated with subsidence of air masses containing relatively lower concentrations of NO_y.     

Carbon isotope analysis for source identification of atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in South China

Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are two most abundant carbonyls in ambient air. Biogenic emission has been proposed as a significant source other than anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric secondary formation. Here at a forest site in South China, the carbon isotopic compositions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emitted from leaves of three tree species (Litsea rotundifolia, Canarium album and Castanea henryi) were measured in comparison with the bulk carbon isotopic compositions of tree leaves. δ¹³C data of the emitted aldehydes (from ?31‰ to ?46‰) were quite different for tree species, which were all more depleted in ¹³C than the tree-leaf bulk δ¹³C values (from ?27‰ to ?32‰). Formaldehyde in ambient air at the forest site had δ¹³C values different from those of leaf-emitted formaldehyde, indicating other sources for ambient formaldehyde apart from direct emission from leaves, most probably the photooxidation of biogenic hydrocarbon like isoprene and monoterpene. The δ¹³C differences of acetaldehyde between ambient data and those of tree leaves emission were less than 1‰, implying direct biogenic emission as the dominant source.     

伞罩型湿式脱硫除尘塔入口结构优化模拟

利用商用CFD软件Fluent,采用k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对新型伞罩型湿式脱硫除尘塔内的三维两相流场进行数值模拟,发现了塔内烟气入口处流场所存在的不均匀性。为将其流场调节均匀从而提高脱硫除尘效率,在数值模拟的基础上提出在入口处加装直导流板、阶梯导流板和弯曲导流板,并分析塔内y=0截面速度的分布,以及z＝0.21 m截面上的颗粒浓度、速度和压力等参数的分布。结果表明：通过加装阶梯导流板和弯曲导流板均可以将流场调节均匀,达到较理想状态,从而实现高效净化气体的目的。模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行有一定的指导作用。     

污水污泥裂解及其性能的研究

以碘吸附值为裂解残渣吸附性能的指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了制备裂解残渣的最佳工艺条件,并对残渣的表面元素组成、孔结构组成、晶相组成和吸附性能等性质进行了表征。结果显示：以浓度均为5 mol/L的ZnCl₂和H₂SO₄作活化剂、复配比2∶1、活化温度600℃、活化时间1 h、固液比1∶2.5,制得的裂解残渣酸洗后碘值平均值可达892.8 mg/g;用制备的裂解残渣对苯酚废水进行处理,室温下振荡5 min,苯酚去除率即可达到87.9%,且符合Langmuir吸附等温线方程和Freundlich吸附等温线方程。     

利用烧结脱硫灰制备胶凝材料的研究

研究了烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰复掺矿渣、钢渣,辅之外加剂,制备胶凝材料的可行性。结果表明,采用改性脱硫灰（GXTLH）、钢渣、矿渣及水泥熟料再混磨制备的复合胶凝材料,具有良好的安定性等水化性能和力学性能;当GXTLH 掺入量为20%、CFII 1.5%、减水剂0.5%及水泥熟料23%时,矿渣掺量在12%～44%、钢渣掺量11%～44%之间制备的胶凝材料初凝时间、终凝时间、力学性能满足GB13592-92《钢渣矿渣水泥标准》;矿渣与钢渣比、水泥熟料及外加剂等掺量一定,GXTLH掺量超过30%时,GXTLH胶凝材料的抗压抗折强度均有所下降。     

竹林土壤中甲基对硫磷降解菌的降解效果及其与土壤物理特性的关系

采用实验室控制试验研究了甲基对硫磷降解菌在竹林土壤生态系统中的降解效果及其与土壤物理特性的关系。试验结果表明,邻单胞菌（DLL-1）具有高效性,甲基对硫磷初始浓度为15 mg/kg干土,第5 d竹林土壤上、中和下层的降解率分别为88.6%、85.9%和79.2%,相应的半衰期为2.5、2.84与3.79 d。甲基对硫磷在土壤中的不同粒径范围吸附情况是不同的,从而影响DLL-1菌的降解效果,表现为土壤中粘粒含量与降解率呈显著正相关。孔隙度也是影响降解效果的一个因素,上中下3层的降解率随着孔隙度的减小而降低。