Enhanced sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on carbon nanotube-filled electrospun nanofibrous membranes

Multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled electrospun nanofibrous membranes (MWCNT-ENFMs) were prepared by electrospinning. The addition of MWCNTs (0.5 wt.% vs. ENFMs) doubled the specific surface area and tensile strength of the ENFMs. The MWCNT-ENFMs were used to adsorb perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in aqueous solutions. The sorption kinetics results showed that the sorption rate of PFOS onto the MWCNT-ENFMs was much higher than the sorption rate of PFOS onto the pure ENFMs control, and the pseudo-second-order model (PSOM) described the sorption kinetics well. The sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption capacity of the MWCNT-ENFMs for PFOS (16.29 ± 0.26 μmol g⁻¹) increased approximately 18 times, compared with the pure ENFMs (0.92 ± 0.06 μmol g⁻¹). Moreover, the solution pH significantly affected the sorption efficiency and sorption mechanism. The MWCNT-ENFMs were negatively charged from pH 2.0–10.0, but the electrostatic repulsion between the MWCNT-ENFMs and PFOS was overcome by the hydrophobic interactions between PFOS and the MWCNTs or nanofibers. The strong hydrophobic interactions between PFOS and the MWCNTs played a dominant role in the sorption process. For the pure ENFMs, the electrostatic repulsion was conquered by the hydrophobic interactions between PFOS and the nanofibers at pH > 3.1. In addition to the hydrophobic interactions, an electrostatic attraction between PFOS and the pure ENFMs was involved in the sorption process at pH < 3.1.     

Characteristics of lead geochemistry and the mobility of Pb isotopes in the system of pedogenic rock–pedosphere–irrigated riverwater–cereal–atmosphere from the Yangtze River delta region,China

Knowledge of the characteristics of Pb and its isotopic transfer in different compartments is scant, especially for the mobility of Pb isotopes in the geochemical cycle. The present study characterizes differential Pb transport mechanism and the mobility of Pb isotopes in the pedogenic parent rock–pedosphere–irrigated riverwater–cereal–atmosphere system in the Yangtze River delta region, by determining Pb concentration and Pb isotopic ratios of pedogenic parent rocks, fluvial suspended particle matter, tillage soils, soil profiles, irrigated riverwater, fertilizer, Pb ore, cereal roots and grains. The results show that Pb isotopes in the geochemical cycle generally follow the equation of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb = −1.157 × ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb + 3.46 (r² = 0.941). However, Pb isotopes have different mobility in different environmental matrixes. Whereas in the pedosphere, the heavier Pb (²⁰⁸Pb) usually shows stronger mobility relative to the lighter Pb, and is more likely to transfer into soil exchangeable Pb fraction and carbonates phase. The lighter Pb shows stronger transfer ability from soil to cereal grain via root compared to the heavier Pb. However, the cereal grains have lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and higher ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios than root and tillage soil, similar to the airborne Pb and anthropogenic Pb, implying that a considerable amount of Pb in cereal grains comes from the atmosphere. The estimate model shows that 16.7–52.6% (average: 33.5%) of Pb in rice grain is the airborne Pb.     

Boiler Briquette Coal versus Raw Coal: Part II—Energy,Greenhouse Gas,and Air Quality Implications

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to conduct an integrated analysis of the energy, greenhouse gas, and air quality impacts of a new type of boiler briquette coal (BB-coal) in contrast to those of the raw coal from which the BB-coal was formulated (R-coal). The analysis is based on the source emissions data and other relevant data collected in the present study and employs approaches including the construction of carbon, energy, and sulfur balances. The results show that replacing R-coal with BB-coal as the fuel for boilers such as the one tested would have multiple benefits, including a 37% increase in boiler thermal efficiency, a 25% reduction in fuel demand, a 26% reduction in CO₂ emission, a 17% reduction in CO emission, a 63% reduction in SO₂ emission, a 97% reduction in fly ash and fly ash carbon emission, a 22% reduction in PM_2.5 mass emission, and a 30% reduction in total emission of five toxic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) metals contained in PM₁₀. These benefits can be achieved with no changes in boiler hardware and with a relatively small amount of tradeoffs: a 30% increase in PM₁₀ mass emission and a 9–16% increase in fuel cost.     

盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为探讨盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响,采用三维荧光(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)技术,研究了不同盐度下升流式厌氧污泥流化床(UASB)中污泥的松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)与紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)的变化规律,并分析了LB-EPS和TB-EPS与污泥沉降性间的关系.结果表明,进水盐度由0逐渐增加至8%,厌氧污泥LB-EPS和TB-EPS含量分别由4.94和12.25 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计)增加至41.47和43.04 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白(PN)和多糖(PS)含量的比值分别由3.2和3.8降低至1.8和2.3;污泥容积指数(SVI)与LB-EPS、TB-EPS均正相关;3D-EEM光谱显示,色氨酸蛋白和芳环蛋白荧光峰存在于不同盐度下LB-EPS和TB-EPS中,类胡敏酸荧光峰仅存在于盐度高于4%的TB-EPS中;FTIR分析表明,进水盐度的增加导致LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PS的C—O组分相对含量增加.     

表面活性剂光催化降解动力学研究

为了研究光催化法对不同电荷类型表面活性剂的降解性能,在紫外光照射下,用TiO2光催化剂对阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和两性表面活性剂十八烷基甜菜碱(BS18)进行降解试验.同时,探讨了TiO2光催化剂加入量、表面活性剂初始质量浓度及初始pH对光降解的影响及其动力学过程.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的降解行为符合准一级动力学规律,3种表面活性剂降解速率快慢顺序为:BS18CTABSDS.SDS和BS18的最佳TiO2催化剂用量为1 g.L-1,而CTAB的最优用量为2g.L-1;CTAB和BS18的光降解速率随着活性剂初始质量浓度的增大而线性减小,SDS的降解速率则随活性剂初始质量浓度的增加而缓慢增大;CTAB和BS18在偏碱性条件下降解最快,而SDS在弱酸条件下具有最大的动力学降解速率.     

羟胺强化亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解对乙酰氨基酚的研究

采用羟胺(HA)强化Fe~(2+)/过硫酸盐(PS)体系降解对乙酰氨基酚(ACT),考察了Fe~(2+)、PS、HA投加浓度以及反应初始pH值对ACT降解效果的影响.结果表明,在反应时间为30 min,亚铁浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1), PS浓度为0.8 mmol·L~(-1)和初始pH为3.0的条件下,0.5 mmol·L~(-1) HA可将ACT的去除率从13%提高到90%.适量增加Fe~(2+)或HA浓度可以提高ACT的降解率,但是过高的Fe~(2+)和HA浓度会抑制ACT的降解.ACT的降解率随着PS浓度升高而提升,当PS浓度达到1.2 mmol·L~(-1)时,30 min内ACT几乎可以完全降解.ACT的降解效果随着pH的升高而降低.EPR实验表明Fe~(2+)/PS/HA体系中主要的自由基是SO■和HO~·.Na_2SO_3、NaNO_2和Na_2S_2O_3等常见的还原剂均能够强化Fe~(2+)/PS体系对ACT的降解效果,但是其对Fe~(2+)/PS体系的强化效果均比HA低.     

改良硫酸法制取糠醛联产复合肥新工艺研究

研究了以稻草和麦杆为原料 ,用改良硫酸法制取糠醛的工艺条件 ,结果表明 :用 2 0 %硫酸 (液固为 2 5∶1) ,加入复合添加剂 (Ⅰ )或 (Ⅱ )添加比例为 15 %～ 30 % ,常压 ,10 0℃蒸馏 2h ,出醛率达理论出醛率的 70 %～ 80 % ,废渣全部变为中性复合肥料     

城市污水污泥堆肥控制因素和腐熟度评价

堆肥化处理是城市污水污泥减量化、无害化和资源化的一种较为理想的处理方法,通过有效控制通风量、初始含水率、温度、C/N比、pH值和辅料的选择等影响因素,可以最终解决污泥的处置和利用问题,因此合理调整控制因素是污泥堆肥化处理的关键。国内外的腐熟度评价指标和方法很多,但目前仍未形成一种公认的腐熟度指标,国内以李承强等的堆肥腐熟度指标应用最为普遍,它把堆肥腐熟度指标划分为物理学指标、化学指标和生物学指标,腐熟度评价方法的正确选择和评价指标的合理确定将为污泥堆肥产品的农田利用提供强有力的技术支持。     

杭州市“十二五”环境保护规划中期评估研究

杭州市“十二五”环保规划已实施过半,为了评估规划的实施效果,根据规划内容分析评估了规划指标、主要任务、重点工程、政策措施等四方面的完成情况,梳理了实施过程中存在的三个问题。一是污染物减排动力依然大,二是环境质量改善任重道远,三是隐性污染威胁环境安全。针对存在问题,提出了强化领导健全机制、落实问责制度、加大“三清”行动（清洁水源、清洁空气、清洁土壤）力度、加大产业转型力度、加强环境依法建设、加大环保投入力度等六项对策措施。     

A screen-printed, amperometric biosensor for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples

An amperometric biosensor based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples. The extent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deactivation was determined and quantified for pesticide concentrations in water samples. An enzyme immobilization adsorption procedure and polyacrylamide gel matrix polymerization were used for fabrication of the biosensor, with minimal losses in enzyme activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme catalytic reaction on the SPEs surfaces were acetylthiocholine chloride (ATChCl) concentration of 5 mmol/L, pH 7 and reaction time of 4 min. The detection limits for three organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos, monocrotophs and parathion) were in the range of 4 to 7 g/L when an AChE amount of 0.1 U was used for immobilization.