京津冀地区矿产资源开发的生态环境影响研究

京津冀地区位于我国北方农牧交错带前缘,坝上、燕山、太行山等地区是区域水源的主要发源地,同样是京津及华北平原的主要生态屏障。对京津冀地区矿产资源开发的生态环境影响进行评价,具有重要现实意义。本文根据京津冀地区矿产资源开发现状、规划空间布局和生态环境特点,综合运用GIS空间分析技术和生态风险理论,从矿产资源的空间布局合理性角度入手,分析京津冀地区矿产资源开发利用的生态环境影响,并以此识别区域内矿产资源开发的生态风险高发区和较高发区。结果显示,京津冀地区矿产资源开发空间布局与燕山、太行山山地水源涵养与水土保持区、坝上高原风沙防护区等生态功能区存在空间重叠,规模性的矿产开发会对区域内的水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性维护等生态功能构成持续性影响;高海拔地区的高强度开矿同样会加剧水土流失和荒漠化。天津市滨海区,承德市宽城满族自治县,邯郸市武安市等市县因密集分布了已有的矿产开发企业,并囊括了近期矿产资源开发的众多矿区,矿产资源开发的遗留性问题也比较突出,成为矿产资源开发的生态风险高发区。在生态影响分析基础上,本文提出了有针对性的空间差异性生态保护对策,以期为京津冀地区矿产资源开发布局优化提供技术支撑。     

基于管理分区的神农架国家公园生态监测指标体系构建

国家公园管理目标的实现依赖于大量监测数据和信息的支持,然而国家公园不同管理分区往往具有不同的管理目标,因此对于监测数据具有不同的需求.为满足国家公园不同管理分区管理的差异性需求、提高生态监测指标体系的针对性和监测效率,探讨了基于管理分区的国家公园生态监测指标体系构建的可行性,并以神农架国家公园为例,应用面向国家公园管理目标的生态监测指标体系构建方法,构建出两个管护小区的生态监测指标体系.研究结果表明神农架国家公园两个管护小区在监测内容和监测指标上都存在差异,反映出两个小区管理目标的差异.这在一定程度上说明基于管理分区的生态监测指标体系更具有针对性,能够满足不同管理分区的监测需求,可为我国国家公园不同管理分区生态监测指标体系的构建提供借鉴.     

南极麦克斯韦尔海湾阴离子洗涤剂污染研究

首次报道了南极麦克斯韦尔海湾海域阴离子洗涤剂污染的变化和分布状况。研究海域水体阴离子洗涤剂含量在0.148～0.997mg/L之间,若按中国国内地表水水质标准0.3mg/L评价,全部20个站次中有6站次超过标准,超标率达30％,表明该地区已有一定程度的阴离子洗涤剂污染。主要污染源是各考察站的生活污水。     

填埋气体爆炸危险性评价方法研究

提出了一种评价建筑物内发生填埋气体爆炸事故概率的理论与试验方法。     

热解法分离大气颗粒物中几种主要铵盐

本文实验了分离大气颗粒物样品中硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵的热解方法．在70℃的条件下,经过3h,硝酸铵和氯化铵就已基本挥发完全,而硫酸铵没有明显的损失．利用该方法,分离测定了一些大气颗粒物样品中的硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵及相应的其它金属盐．实验表明,热解法对于分离表征大气颗粒物中的铵盐是简单和实用的．     

静态光催化去除甲醛及其分解产物的研究

以静态光催化去除甲醛,研究光催化过程中温度、相对湿度、一氧化碳和二氧化碳浓度的变化情况．结果表明,光催化降解相对于光催化剂吸附去除来说可以更有效地去除空气中的甲醛,但是温度、相对湿度、一氧化碳和二氧化化碳浓度都会随之升高,尤其是产物中存在一氧化碳,使得光催化的副产物造成更严重的二次污染并降低催化的活性．     

面对交通事故及其对策

据有关资料统计,在全球范围内,每年大约有60万人在车轮下丧生,仅次于地震、台风、瘟疫,名列第四。而我国,因交通事故惨死的人数连续15年居世界第一位。以2002年交通事故统计为例,每天约有300人惨死车轮下,而云南省平均每天就有8．6人。     

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Environmental Factors of a Typical Small Watershed in the Black Soil Region, Northeast China

A total of 292 soil samples were taken from surface soil (0–20 cm) of a typical small watershed–Tongshuang in the black soil region of Heilongjiang province, northeast China in June 2005 for examining the concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC). Spatial variability of SOC in relation to topography and land use was evaluated using classical statistics, geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) analyses. The objective of this study was to provide a scientific basis for land management targeting at improving soil quality in this region. Classical statistical analysis results indicated that the variability of SOC was moderate (C _V = 0.30). Slope position and land use types were discriminating factors for its spatial variability. Geostatistics analyses showed that SOC had a strong spatial autocorrelation, which was mainly induced by structural factors. Mean concentration of SOC in surface soil was 2.27% in this watershed, which was a very low level in the northern black soil region of northeast China. In this small watershed, present soil and water conservation measures played an important role in controlling soil loss. But SOC's restoration was unsatisfactory. Nearly three-quarters of the area had worrisome productivity. How to improve SOC concentration targeting at soil fertility is a pressing need in the future.     

废弃饱和盐水钻井液的固液分离

采用化学破胶脱稳和压滤机械分离的化学强化固液分离技术处理江汉油田废弃饱和盐水钻井液(简称废钻井液).最佳固液分离工艺为:调节废钻井液的pH为6.5左右,先加入无机破胶剂(HWJ),HWJ的加入量为15 000 mg/L,以400 r/min的转速搅拌3 min,稀释1倍后,再加入有机破胶剂(HYJ),HYJ的加入量为300 mg/L,以120 r/min的转速搅拌5min.固液分离结果表明,分离后出水率达68.2%,而泥饼湿含量只有55.8%,废钻井液的COD由67 886.8 mg/L降至8 898.9 mg/L.     

Mercury fluxes and pools in three subtropical forested catchments, southwest China

Forested catchments are an important part of the mercury (Hg) cycle and a link between the atmospheric and the aquatic environments. In this study, Hg input and output fluxes and its retention were investigated at subtropical forested catchments in southwest China. Significantly enhanced atmospheric Hg inputs were observed, and the contribution of litterfall Hg plays a more important role at these subtropical forested catchments. The ratios of Hg output fluxes from stream water to total input were 2.5% and 1.2% for LGS and TSP, which were markedly lower than those reported from Europe and North America. The current annual input Hg only accounted for 0.8 and 1.8 per mille to the Hg stored in the upper 90 cm of soil in LGS and TSP. These suggest that subtropical forested catchments are important for retention of atmospheric mercury deposition in southwest China.