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111.
112.
Measurement of flow speed in the channels of novel threadlike structures on the surfaces of mammalian organs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There have been several reports on novel threadlike structures (NTSs) on the surfaces of the internal organs of rats and rabbits
since their first observation by Bonghan Kim in 1963. To confirm this novel circulatory function, it is necessary to observe
the flow of liquid through the NTS as well as the structurally corroborating channels in the NTS. In this article, we report
on the measurement of the flow speed of Alcian blue solution in the NTSs on the organ surfaces of rabbits, and we present
electron microscopic images depicting the cribrous cross-section with channels. The speed was measured as 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/s,
and the flow distance was up to 12 cm. The flow was unidirectional, and the phase contrast microscopic images showed that
the NTSs were strongly stained with Alcian blue. The ultrastructure of the NTSs revealed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy
and high-voltage electron microscopy showed that (1) there were cell-like bodies and globular clumps of matter inside the
sinus of the channel with thin strands of segregated zones which is a microscopic evidence of the liquid flow, (2) the sinuses
have wall structures surrounded with extracellular matrices of collagenous fibers, and (3) there exists a cribriform structure
of sinuses. To understand the mechanism for the circulation, a quantitative analysis of the flow speed has been undertaken
applying a simplified windkessel model. In this analysis, it was shown that the liquid flow through the NTSs could be due
to peristaltic motion of the NTS itself.
Baeckkyoung Sung and Min Su Kim contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
113.
Jong-Beom Seo Soo-Bin Jeon Je-Young Kim Gang-Woo Lee Jong-Hyeon Jung Kwang-Joong Oh 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(3):494-498
Aqueous ammonia (NH3) solution can be used as an alternative absorption for the control of CO2 emitted from flue gases due to its high absorption capacity, fast absorption rate and low corrosion problem. The emission of CO2 from iron and steel plants requires much attention, as they are higher than those emitted from power plants at a single point source. In the present work, low concentration ammonia liquor, 9 wt.%, was used with various additives to obtain the kinetic properties using the blast furnace gas model. Although a solution with a high ammonia concentration enables high CO2 absorption efficiency, ammonium ions are lost as ammonia vapor, resulting in reduced CO2 absorption due to the lower concentration of the ammonia absorbent. To decrease the vaporization of ammonia, ethylene glycol, glycerol and glycine, which contain more than one hydroxyl radical, were chosen. The experiments were conducted at 313 K similar to the CO2 absorption conditions for the blast furnace gas model. 相似文献
114.
Soman is one of the most toxic nerve agents of the known chemical warfare agents. There is actually few knowledge on the behavior of soman in the event of an environmental contamination. It is in particular unknown whether soman remains on a given surface, evaporates into air, or degrades. Here, we studied the evaporation of soman deposited on silica sand using a laboratory-sized wind tunnel, thermal desorption, and gas chromatography. We also investigated the degradation of soman on silica sand by 31phosphorus solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results show that a drop of soman on silica sand spreads laterally while evaporating. The maximum vapor concentration was found when the spreading of the soman drop was maximum on the surface. Simultaneously, soman was absorbed gradually into the pore of sand and degraded to O-pinacolyl-methylphosphonic acid following a pseudo-first-order rate reaction over weeks. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the fate of soman in a sandy environment. 相似文献
115.
Decomposition of recalcitrant materials such as phenolics is known to play a pivotal role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling in estuaries. The specific goals of this study were to determine temporal and spatial variations of phenol oxidase and phenolics in estuarine soils, and to elucidate controlling factors for phenol oxidase activity. To achieve these goals, phenol oxidase activity and phenolic content were measured in soils developed along the side of an estuary in the Han River, Korea. Soil samples were collected in three locations with different vegetation: mud flats, Zizania-dominated soils, and Salix-dominated soils. Monthly measurements were also made in a Zizania-dominated site over a year period. Phenol oxidase activity varied between 0.00 and 0.28 diqc min?1 g?1, whilst phenolic content ranged from 0.0–10.5 μg g?1. A correlation analysis revealed that phenol oxidase activity exhibited positive correlations with phenolic content in both seasonal and spatial data. The same relationship was found when the data were analysed separately for each site. Unlike peatlands or upland forest soils where negative correlations were often found between phenol oxidase activity and phenolics, substrate induction appears to account for the positive correlation in the present study. 相似文献
116.
This study investigated efficiency of in situ enhanced biological denitrification of nitrate-contaminated groundwater which employs a well-to-well circulation in a shallow zone where oxygen might give an adverse affect on the denitrification processes. The numerical model developed for the efficiency test included sequential aerobic and nitrate-based respiration, multi-Monod kinetics of reactive components, growth and decay of biomass, and denitrification inhibition associated with the presence of oxygen. Moreover, reaction kinetics for production of toxic intermediates such as nitrite and nitrous oxide were also included in the model. The developed model was applied to the analysis of enhanced in situ denitrification using an injection/extraction well pair. To evaluate the relative remediation effectiveness, comparisons were made between a continuous fumarate injection test (CFIT) system and a pulsed fumarate injection test (PFIT) system, where both systems had the same total fumarate mass injected into the aquifer. The PFIT system was preferable to the CFIT system because of the high possibility of occurrence of clogging in the latter case at the injection well, with no other significant advantages found in either the CFIT or the PFIT system. Accordingly, this developed numerical model is useful to predict and evaluate an in situ bioremediation by denitrification in aquifers. 相似文献
117.
Jung Y Han B Mostafid ME Chiu P Yazdani R Imhoff PT 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(2):297-304
Gas tracer tests can be used to determine gas flow patterns within landfills, quantify volatile contaminant residence time, and measure water within refuse. While gas chromatography (GC) has been traditionally used to analyze gas tracers in refuse, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) might allow real-time measurements with reduced personnel costs and greater mobility and ease of use. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PAS for conducting gas tracer tests in landfills. Two tracer gases, difluoromethane (DFM) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), were measured with a commercial PAS instrument. Relative measurement errors were invariant with tracer concentration but influenced by background gas: errors were 1-3% in landfill gas but 4-5% in air. Two partitioning gas tracer tests were conducted in an aerobic landfill, and limits of detection (LODs) were 3-4 times larger for DFM with PAS versus GC due to temporal changes in background signals. While higher LODs can be compensated by injecting larger tracer mass, changes in background signals increased the uncertainty in measured water saturations by up to 25% over comparable GC methods. PAS has distinct advantages over GC with respect to personnel costs and ease of use, although for field applications GC analyses of select samples are recommended to quantify instrument interferences. 相似文献
118.
Sara D. Leonhardt Linda-Maria Jung Thomas Schmitt Nico Blüthgen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(9):1415-1423
Social insects aggressively defend their nest and surrounding against non-nestmates, which they recognize by an unfamiliar
profile of aliphatic hydrocarbons on the cuticle. Prominent exceptions are communal nest aggregations of stingless bees. Stingless
bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are also unique in possessing cuticular terpenes which are derived from tree resins and have not
yet been reported for any other insect. We showed experimentally that sesquiterpenes from the body surface of the communal
nesting bee Tetragonilla collina reduced aggression in otherwise aggressive bees which did not have sesquiterpenes themselves. In the field, bee species nesting
in aggregations with T. collina often lack sesquiterpenes in their own cuticular profiles. These species show little aggression towards T. collina, whereas it can be heavily attacked by non-aggregated species that also possess cuticular sesquiterpenes. We conclude that
appeasement by sesquiterpenes represents a novel mechanism to achieve interspecific tolerance in social insects. 相似文献
119.
Jung KH Patel MM Moors K Kinney PL Chillrud SN Whyatt R Hoepner L Garfinkel R Yan B Ross J Camann D Perera FP Miller RL 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(36):4545-4552
Exposure to air pollutants has been associated with adverse health effects. However, analyses of the effects of season and ambient parameters such as ozone have not been fully conducted. Residential indoor and outdoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), black carbon (measured as absorption coefficient [Abs]), and fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM)(2.5) were measured over two-weeks in a cohort of 5-6 year old children (n=334) living in New York City's Northern Manhattan and the Bronx between October 2005 and April 2010. The objectives were to: 1) characterize seasonal changes in indoor and outdoor levels and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of PAH (gas + particulate phase; dichotomized into Σ(8)PAH(semivolatile) (MW 178-206), and Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) (MW 228-278)), Abs, and PM(2.5); and 2) assess the relationship between PAH and ozone. Results showed that heating compared to nonheating season was associated with greater Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) (p<0.001) and Abs (p<0.05), and lower levels of Σ(8)PAH(semivolatile) (p<0.001). In addition, the heating season was associated with lower I/O ratios of Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) and higher I/O ratios of Σ(8)PAH(semivolatile) (p<0.001) compared to the nonheating season. In outdoor air, Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) was correlated negatively with community-wide ozone concentration (p<0.001). Seasonal changes in emission sources, air exchanges, meteorological conditions and photochemical/chemical degradation reactions are discussed in relationship to the observed seasonal trends. 相似文献
120.
Levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils after forest fires in South Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kim EJ Choi SD Chang YS 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1508-1517