浅议基于物联网的医废处置电子监管平台的构建

医疗废物由于具有感染性毒性、放射毒性和遗传毒性等对人群健康和环境安全构成了严重威胁,而其处置过程中以人员监察为主的管理方式较为单一和薄弱。为了进一步提高上海市医疗废物监管水平,本文从上海市自身实际出发,基于物联网研究构建医废处置过程电子监管平台,详细分析了该平台研究思路、运行机制及组成要素,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

土壤及固体废弃物中有机磷农药残留分析方法研究

有机磷农药是继有机氯农药以后被广泛应用的一类农药,它对生物体具有一定毒性,因此对有机磷农药的充分提取及检测就密切关系到人们的饮食安全。传统提取底质中有机磷的方法为索式提取或者采用有机溶剂对土壤直接萃取,而本文采用亲水溶剂对土壤进行萃取,并通过固相萃取技术对其进一步纯化,气相色谱-质谱法检测,对多种有机磷农药的分离度较好。     

村镇污水治理的市场化理论与模式

村镇污水治理属于农村环境保护的基础设施建设,需要巨额资金的投入,单靠政府财政补助很难进行。因此,建立村镇污水治理市场,引入投融资机制,就成为政府的必然选择。运用新公共管理理论,把村镇污水治理分为供给与生产两个过程,政府通过公共决策和监管保障供给,生产则实行市场化,以解决村镇污水治理的资金来源,提升运营和资金使用效率。结合中国的具体实际,探讨了适宜于中国村镇污水治理的供排水一体化、管理合同和DBO三种市场化模式。     

Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency

The pulsed high-voltage discharge is a new advanced oxidation technology for water treatment. Methyl Orange (MO) dye wastewater was chosen as the target object. Some investigations were conducted on MO decoloration including the discharge characteristics of the multi-needle reactor, parameter optimization, and the degradation mechanism. The following results were obtained. The color group of the azo dye MO was effectively decomposed by water surface plasma. The decoloration rate was promoted with the increase of treatment time, peak voltage, and pulse frequency. When the initial conductivity was 1700 μS/cm, the decoloration rate was the highest. The optimum distance between the needle electrodes and the water surface was 1 mm, the distance between the grounding electrode and the water surface was 28 mm, and the number of needle electrodes and spacing between needles were 24 and 7.5 mm, respectively. The decoloration rate of MO was affected by the gas in the reactor and varied in the order oxygen > air> argon > nitrogen, and the energy yield obtained in this investigation was 0.45 g/kWh.     

再悬浮作用对长江口潮滩Hg释放影响的实验室模拟研究

利用再悬浮装置研究不同扰动强度、不同盐度下,再悬浮作用对长江口中、低潮滩沉积物中Hg释放的影响.结果表明,在扰动期间,上覆水环境（pH、Eh、DO、TSS等）剧变.在再悬浮实验中,上覆水中HgD（溶解态汞）和HgP（颗粒态汞）含量分别主要集中在0.152～2.657μg.L-1、0.080～2.722μg.L-1范围内.再悬浮作用使得盐度为4.1‰、8.0‰、10.0‰、13.0‰条件下的中潮滩及盐度为13.0‰条件下的低潮滩都发生了汞释放,释放的汞含量为0.053～0.673μg.g-1,但对盐度为4.1‰、8.0‰、10.0‰条件下的低潮滩汞释放影响并不明显,这反映了上覆水盐度对再悬浮中汞释放具有重要影响.同时,也表明再悬浮作用对长江口中、低潮滩的Hg释放影响也有差异,中潮滩表现出了比低潮滩要明显的汞释放.扰动动力为（210±5）r.min-1时能明显增加汞的解吸,从而对汞释放产生影响.     

利用络合铜控制水华优势藻的试验研究

试验研究了络合铜对蓝藻水华优势藻铜绿微囊藻和绿藻水华优势藻普通小球藻的杀藻抑藻效果。试验结果表明,络合铜对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用优于对小球藻的抑制作用。当投加1mg/L以上络合铜络合时对铜绿微囊藻有很好的杀灭作用,但投加浓度提高到5mg/L时才能有效抑制普通小球藻的生长。同时还开展了络合铜对青鳉鱼的急性毒性试验,得出了络合铜的半致死浓度分别为24hLC50=8.5mg/L;48hLC50=5.7mg/L;96hLC50=3.9mg/L。     

杭州湾海底管线溢油风险及应急措施

以杭州湾海底管线为例,提出海底输油管线穿孔溢油安全应急措施。海底输油管线穿孔后,利用抽油泵抽吸,使海底管线内产生负压,阻止管线内原油外溢,利用SCADA系统进行了模拟试验,结果显示：用抽油泵抽吸能使海底管线产生-0．038～-0．04MPa压力,理论上能将海水吸入,阻止原油外泄。     

Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L^-1, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.     

几种湿地植物对重金属镉胁迫的生理生化响应

通过水培试验研究了不同质量浓度的重金属镉(0、20、30、40、50、60 mg·L-1)胁迫对水生美人蕉(Canna glauca)、红蛋(Echinodorus osiris)、风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、彩叶草(Coleus blumei benth)等湿地植物体内丙二醛、脯氨酸、镉的含量以及细胞膜的透性变化的影响,探讨了镉胁迫下不同湿地植物对镉的生理生化响应和耐受能力,为应用人工湿地处理含镉废水提供依据.研究结果表明,在镉胁迫下4种供试植物叶片的丙二醛含龟和膜透性增加,并且试验条件下,培养液中镉质量浓度越高植物叶片中阿二醛细胞膜透性也越高;植物叶片中脯氨酸质量分数变化则有所不同,培养液中镉质最浓度处于0～40 mg·L-1时,脯氨酸质量分数随着镉质量浓度增加而增加,镉质量浓度高于40 mg·L-1,脯氨酸质量分数随着镉质量浓度的增加而降低.不同湿地植物对镉胁迫响应也显著不同,丙二醛含量、脯氩酸质量分数和细胞膜透性大小为:彩叶草>风车草>红蛋>美人焦.由此可见,4种供试植物耐受镉害的能力依次为:美人蕉>红蛋>风车草>彩叶草.美人蕉和红蛋在含镉废水人工湿地生态上程修复中具有很好的应用前景.