气候变化对生物多样性的影响:脆弱性和适应

气候变化对生物多样性影响及其适应直接关系着未来生物多样性的保护.气候变化对生物多样性影响、生物多样性在气候变化影响下的脆弱性、生物多样性适应气候变化方面进行了总结分析,对存在的问题进行了讨论,对今后研究提出了一些建议.过去的气候变化已使物种物候、分布和丰富度等改变,使一些物种灭绝、部分有害生物危害强度和频率增加,使一些生物入侵范围扩大、生态系统结构与功能改变等.未来的气候变化仍将使物种物候和行为、分布和丰富度等改变,使一些物种灭绝、使有害生物爆发频率和强度增加,并将可能使生态系统结构与功能发生改变等.生物多样性适应气候变化包括了自然适应和人为适应两个方面,自然适应体现在物种适应性进化、迁移、生态系统稳定性和弹性等,人为适应体现在种质基因保存、物种异地保护、自然保护区规划设计、生态系统适应性管理、生态恢复和气候灾害防御等.目前,生物多样性对气候变化影响的脆弱性、生物多样性自然适应和人为适应气候变化方面的研究都还不系统深入,需要加强生物多样性自然适应和人为适应气候变化方面的研究.     

几种湿地植物对重金属镉胁迫的生理生化响应

通过水培试验研究了不同质量浓度的重金属镉(0、20、30、40、50、60 mg·L-1)胁迫对水生美人蕉(Canna glauca)、红蛋(Echinodorus osiris)、风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、彩叶草(Coleus blumei benth)等湿地植物体内丙二醛、脯氨酸、镉的含量以及细胞膜的透性变化的影响,探讨了镉胁迫下不同湿地植物对镉的生理生化响应和耐受能力,为应用人工湿地处理含镉废水提供依据.研究结果表明,在镉胁迫下4种供试植物叶片的丙二醛含龟和膜透性增加,并且试验条件下,培养液中镉质量浓度越高植物叶片中阿二醛细胞膜透性也越高;植物叶片中脯氨酸质量分数变化则有所不同,培养液中镉质最浓度处于0～40 mg·L-1时,脯氨酸质量分数随着镉质量浓度增加而增加,镉质量浓度高于40 mg·L-1,脯氨酸质量分数随着镉质量浓度的增加而降低.不同湿地植物对镉胁迫响应也显著不同,丙二醛含量、脯氩酸质量分数和细胞膜透性大小为:彩叶草>风车草>红蛋>美人焦.由此可见,4种供试植物耐受镉害的能力依次为:美人蕉>红蛋>风车草>彩叶草.美人蕉和红蛋在含镉废水人工湿地生态上程修复中具有很好的应用前景.     

全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应

采用人工土壤培养法,通过14 d急性暴露试验,研究了全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的死亡率、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及DNA损伤的影响。研究结果表明：PFOS对蚯蚓14 d-LC₅₀为478.0 mg·kg^-1,显示为低毒;急性暴露期间,PFOS显著抑制蚯蚓生长,生长抑制率随着PFOS浓度增加而增大,且有良好的剂量效应关系(r=0.951,P<0.01);PFOS对蚯蚓GST和CAT活性均没有显著性影响,没有观察到剂量效应关系;PFOS可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,不同浓度的PFOS对蚯蚓体腔细胞尾长、尾部DNA含量和尾矩的影响具有一定的剂量效应关系(P<0.01),与对照组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,PFOS对蚯蚓的存活影响显示为低毒,但是对生长有一定影响,可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤。     

Varying water column stability controls the denitrification process in a subtropical reservoir, Southwest China

Reservoirs are regarded as hotspots of nitrogen transformation and potential sources of nitrous oxide（N₂O）. However, it remains unclear how the hydrological conditions due to dam construction control the processes of nitrogen transformation in reservoir waters. To address this issue, we examined the spatial-temporal characteristics of nitrate concentrations, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-H₂O, relative...     

Temperature and nutrients are significant drivers of seasonal shift in phytoplankton community from a drinking water reservoir,subtropical China

Reservoirs are an important source of water supply in many densely populated areas in southeast China. Phytoplankton plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of these reservoir ecosystems. Understanding of seasonal succession in phytoplankton communities and its driving factors is essential for effective water quality management in drinking-water reservoirs. In this study, water samples were collected monthly at the surface layers of riverine, transitional, and lacustrine zones from May 2010 to April 2011 in Tingxi Reservoir, southeast China. The phytoplankton showed distinct seasonal shifts in community structure at both taxonomic and functional levels. Cyanophyta was the dominant group in summer, especially species of Raphidiopsis in May and Aphanizomenon in June, and cyanobacterial dominance was promoted by both warmer conditions and excessive nutrients loading. Cyanophyta was gradually replaced by Cryptophyta (e.g., Chroomonas caudata) in abundance and by Bacillariophyta (Fragilaria sp. or Synedra sp. and Melosira sp.) in biomass with decreasing temperature. It appeared that seasonal shifts in phytoplankton composition were closely related to climate, nutrient status, and hydrology in this reservoir. Our partial RDA results clearly showed that water temperature and nutrients (TN and TP) were the most critical factors driving phytoplankton community shift in the abundance and biomass data, respectively. Further, with the global warming, cyanobacterial blooms may increase in distribution, duration, and intensity. In our study, the abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria had significant and positive correlations with temperature and phosphorus. Therefore, a stricter limit on nutrient input should be a priority in watershed management to protect drinking water from the effects of cyanobacterial blooms, especially in high-temperature period.     

甲基异噻唑啉酮对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性和机制研究

甲基异噻唑啉酮(methylisothiazolinone,MIT)作为防腐剂,广泛用于个人护理品、日用品和涂料中。MIT随着污水进入地表水循环,普遍存在于水体中,但目前关于MIT对水生生物毒性的研究还比较少。本文以模式生物斑马鱼的胚胎作为受试对象,评价MIT对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性。将受精后3 h的健康斑马鱼胚胎暴露于梯度浓度的MIT下,观察其对胚胎生长发育的影响,用吖啶橙(AO)染色检测细胞凋亡情况。结果发现,48 h暴露浓度大于1.0 mg·L-1的胚胎孵化被显著抑制,72 h浓度大于1.52 mg·L-1的幼鱼心率显著降低,统计96 h幼鱼死亡和畸形数,并重复验证和计算得到96 h半致死浓度(96 h 50%lethal concentration,96 h-LC50)为6.15 mg·L-1,96 h半致畸浓度(96 h 50%teratogenesis concentration,96 h-TC50)为3.89 mg·L-1,测量96 h胚胎体长,分析最小生长抑制浓度(minimum concentration to inhibit growth,MCIG)为2.31 mg·L-1,AO染色显示72 h胚胎的凋亡细胞主要集中在脑部和尾部。不同时期下镜检观察到,胚胎出现的畸形主要包括尾部发育不良,脊柱弯曲,卵黄囊水肿和心包水肿。此外,高浓度处理组24 h胚胎自主抽动次数增加,72 h和96 h活动能力减弱,触碰反应迟钝。因此,推断MIT对斑马鱼胚胎的发育有较大影响,同时有一定的神经毒性。根据《危险化学品鱼类急性毒性分级试验方法》,判定MIT对斑马鱼胚胎为高毒,该毒性实验结果可为MIT在工业生产和环境中的风险管理提供依据。     

Promotional effect of transition metal doping on the properties of KF/CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

A series of heterogeneous KF/CaO catalysts modified with transition metals (lanthanum, cerium, and zirconium) were prepared via wet impregnation method and applied to the trsansesterification process of waste cooking oil (WCO) as feedstock with methanol to biodiesel production. The structure, performance of the solid catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption of CO₂ (CO₂-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effect of methanol/oil molar ratio, ¹reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and stability was investigated. The results showed that 10 wt% of lanthanum, cerium, and zirconium improved the catalytic activity of KF/CaO catalyst. The maximum catalytic activity using the lanthanum doping of 10wt% on KF/CaO catalyst was reached 98.7% under the optimal reaction condition of methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, reaction for 1 h at reaction temperature of 65°C, and 4% (wt/wt oil) catalyst amount. In addition, the FAME yield of KF/CaO/La catalyst remained higher than 95% after 10 cycles. The promotional effect of lanthanum doping could be attributed to the enhancement of the basicity strength of KF/CaO catalyst and block the leach of Ca²⁺ in the transesterification reaction.     

Removal of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anabaena spiroides</Emphasis> by potassium permanganate pre-oxidation: effect on photosynthetic capacity and molecular weight distribution

Bench scale tests were conducted to investigate the effect of potassium permanganate pre-oxidation on the photosynthetic activity and molecular weight distribution of Anabaena spiroides. Different concentrations of potassium permanganate were added into the suspension of Anabaena spiroides, one of the dominant algae in water bloom, and after pre-oxidation of permanganate for 1 h, the results show that the removal rate significantly increases by 33.99~36.35% compared to direct coagulation. Then, the algal characteristics, including photosynthetic ability, the changes in extracellular organic matter three-dimensional fluorescence, and the distribution of molecular weight were conducted and the results show that along with increasing concentration of potassium permanganate, the photosynthetic ability of algae decreases, more extracellular organic matter is secreted, and large molecular weight matter (humic-like and fulvic-like substances) are generated. Therefore, this study demonstrates that potassium permanganate could be used in addressing the algae-rich water.     

腐蚀性工业废气治理技术的研发及应用

这些年工业快速发展带动了我国经济快速发展,但是在工业生产过程中产生了大量的废气废液,有效处理这些工业有毒物质是工业发展需要面临的重要问题。本文在此基础上就腐蚀性工业废气治理技术的相关问题作了一定研究,以更好地促进我国经济的协调发展。     

Methyl-triclosan binding to human serum albumin: Multi-spectroscopic study and visualized molecular simulation

Methyl-triclosan (MTCS), a transformation product and metabolite of triclosan, has been widely spread in environment through the daily use of triclosan which is a commonly used anti-bacterial and anti-fungal substance in consumer products. Once entering human body, MTCS could affect the conformation of human serum albumin (HSA) by forming MTCS–HSA complex and alter function of protein and endocrine in human body. To evaluate the potential toxicity of MTCS, the binding mechanism of HSA with MTCS was investigated by UV–vis absorption, circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Binding constants, thermodynamic parameters, the binding forces and the specific binding site were studied in detail. Binding constant at room tempreture (T = 298 K) is 6.32 × 10³ L mol⁻¹; ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰ and ΔG⁰ were 22.48 kJ mol⁻¹, 148.16 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ and −21.68 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The results showed that the interactions between MTCS and HSA are mainly hydrophobic forces. The effects of MTCS on HSA conformation were also discussed. The binding distance (r = 1.2 nm) for MTCS–HSA system was calculated by the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The visualized binding details were also exhibited by molecular modeling method and the results could agree well with that from the experimental study.