外循环式UASB反应器处理高浓度酒精废水

利用改进型上流式厌氧污泥床反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度酒精废水,研究反应器的启动影响因素及颗粒污泥形成过程,分析反应器运行特性。在容积负荷为10.39 kg COD/(m3.d),COD去除率达90.2%,VFA在300 mg/L以下,平均产气率为0.328 m3/kg COD,取得最佳的运行效果,为高浓度酒精废水的处理应用提供科学依据。     

絮凝-微纳气泡法处理采油废水

对采自胜利油田的采油废水,分别进行了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)絮凝法、微纳气泡法和絮凝-微纳气泡联合法处理,考察了处理过程对采油废水水质和所配制聚合物(部分水解聚丙烯酰胺)溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,均可有效降低废水的矿化度、油含量和悬浮物含量,明显提高用其配制的聚合物溶液的粘度;联合处理效果明显高于单独采用絮凝或微纳气泡处理的效果。所处理后的废水可有望代替淡水用于油田现场配制聚合物驱油体系,在消除油田污水环境污染的同时,可节约淡水资源。     

新型活性污泥的培养及其处理高盐有机废水

在好氧反应器中,将海泥通过海水和营养物质培养成新型的活性污泥,在处理含盐废水时有较好的活性和沉降性能,对这种新型的活性污泥我们称其为海洋活性污泥。通过10周的培养,海泥的污泥体积指数（SVI）从最初的19 mL/g升高到70 mL/g,对有机废水处理12 h后高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）降解率达到90%,氨氮降解率达到45%。在污泥培养时,营养物质投加频率为一日一次最有利于污泥的培养,又葡萄糖比淀粉更有利于污泥的培养。对于含盐有机废水的处理,海洋活性污泥也比传统活性污泥有优势,甚至对于含盐量6%的高盐有机废水,处理12 h后能达到CODMn降解率达为70%,氨氮降解率达到30%。当NaCl浓度高于6%,海洋活性污泥仍具有一定的活性,但仍能观察到明显的抑制作用。此外,海洋活性污泥具有比传统活性污泥更强的盐度变化抗性,甚至在低盐度下盐浓度变化时,海洋活性污泥的氨氮降解稳定性也优于传统活性污泥。     

活性半焦用于油田含油污水除油的研究

以经济廉价的半焦为原料,制备用于处理油田含油污水的吸附剂。采用高温焙烧活化、水蒸气活化、高压水热活化以及硝酸、氢氧化钾活化等方法对半焦进行活化处理,通过静态吸附实验测定除油率来评价活化效果,重点讨论了氢氧化钾活化条件对除油效果的影响。结果表明:KOH与半焦质量比为6∶1,80℃浸渍3 h,550℃焙烧1.5 h时,制备的活性半焦吸附除油效果最好,除油率可以达到75.6%;活性半焦对油的吸附符合Freund lich吸附方程。利用酸碱滴定法对样品表面酸碱官能团进行分析,发现KOH活化后半焦表面碱性亲油官能团明显增多;通过SEM对半焦的微观结构进行分析,发现KOH活化后半焦产生大量有利于吸附的孔结构。     

新型SBBR处理畜禽废水脱氮实验研究

以畜禽废水为处理对象,将序批式运行模式应用到好氧三相内循环生物流化床中,考察在不同模式下的处理效果及氮的转化情况。实验结果表明,在室温条件下,进水COD浓度为2 000 mg/L左右,总氮为140 mg/L左右时,保持溶解氧在2~2.5 mg/L,交替好氧/缺氧运行方式处理效果优于单一的好氧/缺氧方式;模式为3 h(曝气)-1.5 h(停曝)-1.5 h(曝气)-1 h(停曝)时系统对总氮和氨氮处理效果最好,总氮去除率达到90%,系统主要脱氮方式为同步硝化反硝化和短程硝化反硝化。     

An integrated approach to model the biomagnification of organic pollutants in aquatic food webs of the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir ecosystem using adapted pollution scenarios

The impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) at the Yangtze River caused large flooding of urban, industrial, and agricultural areas, and profound land use changes took place. Consequently, substantial amounts of organic and inorganic pollutants were released into the reservoir. Additionally, contaminants and nutrients are entering the reservoir by drift, drainage, and runoff from adjacent agricultural areas as well as from sewage of industry, aquacultures, and households. The main aim of the presented research project is a deeper understanding of the processes that determines the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organic pollutants, i.e., mainly pesticides, in aquatic food webs under the newly developing conditions of the TGR. The project is part of the Yangtze-Hydro environmental program, financed by the German Ministry of Education and Science. In order to test combinations of environmental factors like nutrients and pollution, we use an integrated modeling approach to study the potential accumulation and biomagnification. We describe the integrative modeling approach and the consecutive adaption of the AQUATOX model, used as modeling framework for ecological risk assessment. As a starting point, pre-calibrated simulations were adapted to Yangtze-specific conditions (regionalization). Two exemplary food webs were developed by a thorough review of the pertinent literature. The first typical for the flowing conditions of the original Yangtze River and the Daning River near the city of Wushan, and the second for the stagnant reservoir characteristics of the aforementioned region that is marked by an intermediate between lake and large river communities of aquatic organisms. In close cooperation with German and Chinese partners of the Yangtze-Hydro Research Association, other site-specific parameters were estimated. The MINIBAT project contributed to the calibration of physicochemical and bathymetric parameters, and the TRANSMIC project delivered hydrodynamic models for water volume and flow velocity conditions. The research questions were firstly focused on the definition of scenarios that could depict representative situations regarding food webs, pollution, and flow conditions in the TGR. The food webs and the abiotic site conditions in the main study area near the city of Wushan that determine the environmental preconditions for the organisms were defined. In our conceptual approach, we used the pesticide propanil as a model substance.     

Solution by dilution?—A review on the pollution status of the Yangtze River

The Yangtze River has been a source of life and prosperity for the Chinese people for centuries and is a habitat for a remarkable variety of aquatic species. But the river suffers from huge amounts of urban sewage, agricultural effluents, and industrial wastewater as well as ship navigation wastes along its course. With respect to the vast amounts of water and sediments discharged by the Yangtze River, it is reasonable to ask whether the pollution problem may be solved by simple dilution. This article reviews the past two decades of published research on organic pollutants in the Yangtze River and several adjacent water bodies connected to the main stream, according to a holistic approach. Organic pollutant levels and potential effects of water and sediments on wildlife and humans, measured in vitro, in vivo, and in situ, were critically reviewed. The contamination with organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and others, of water and sediment along the river was described. Especially Wuhan section and the Yangtze Estuary exhibited stronger pollution than other sections. Bioassays, displaying predominantly the endpoints mutagenicity and endocrine disruption, applied at sediments, drinking water, and surface water indicated a potential health risk in several areas. Aquatic organisms exhibited detectable concentrations of toxic compounds like PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, and PFCs. Genotoxic effects could also be assessed in situ in fish. To summarize, it can be stated that dilution reduces the ecotoxicological risk in the Yangtze River, but does not eliminate it. Keeping in mind an approximately 14 times greater water discharge compared to the major European river Rhine, the absolute pollution mass transfer of the Yangtze River is of severe concern for the environmental quality of its estuary and the East China Sea. Based on the review, further research needs have been identified.     

Salicylic acid involved in the regulation of nutrient elements uptake and oxidative stress in Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara under Pb stress

In this study, the alterations in nutrient elements content, reactive oxygen species level and antioxidant response were studied in leaves of Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara exposed to salicylic acid (SA, 10 or 100 μM), or Pb (50 μM) or their combinations for 4 d. No significant alterations in Mn and Ca content were observed but content of Cu, Zn, Fe and P decreased in plants exposed to SA alone. SA application inhibited the uptake of Pb and partially reversed Pb-induced the alterations in Mn, Ca and Fe content in leaves of V. natans exposed to 50 μM Pb. The decreased chlorophyll (a + b) and increased malondialdehyde and O²⁻ and H₂O₂ content were detected in plants exposed to 100 μM SA, 50 μM Pb, 10 μM SA + 50 μM Pb or 100 μM SA + 50 μM Pb. Application SA partially inhibited Pb-induced the increase of malondialdehyde, O²⁻ and H₂O₂ content. 100 μM SA decreased the activity of NADH oxidase and the content of non-protein thiols, carotenoids and ascorbic acid and increased the content of dehydroascorbate in plants treated with or without Pb. SA alone decreased the ascorbate peroxidase activity and increased the catalase and peroxidase activity, while SA application increased catalase activity but had no significant effect on ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activity in V. natans exposed to Pb. The results indicate that SA involves in the regulation of Pb uptake, nutrient balance and oxidative stress.     

大尺寸大孔径TiO_2/SiO_2光催化剂的制备及甲醛去除研究

以大孔径SiO2为载体,通过钛酸丁酯溶液的浸渍、原位水解以及高温煅烧制备出大尺寸、大孔径的TiO2/SiO2光催化剂。利用自制空气净化装置对室内甲醛的清除进行研究,分别考察了TiO2的百分含量、紫外光光强、温度、湿度和空气流量等不同条件下TiO2/SiO2光催化剂对除去甲醛效率的影响。结果表明,反应温度从10～50℃依次升高,去除率逐渐下降。在相对湿度为50%,TiO2负载率为55.6%,流量为8 m3/h时,甲醛的最佳除去率达96.5%;经过7周时间的考察,发现TiO2/SiO2光催化剂的催化活性没有明显的下降。     

TiO2纳米管催化降解4，4’-二溴联苯的影响因素和动力学研究

利用TiO2纳米管催化降解水中的4,4’-二溴联苯,对催化降解过程和影响因素进行研究。结果表明,TiO2纳米管对其有较高的催化降解效率且降解过程符合Langmuir—Hinshelwood动力学模式。不同光源、4,4’-二溴联苯的初始浓度、纳米管添加量和pH值对催化降解过程都有较大影响,其中pH值的影响最为明显。反应液在中性状态下的降解率明显低于pH=1或11的情况。在pH=1时,4,4’一二溴联苯的降解率达86％。