Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

Effects of Na+ on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction

Copper-exchanged chabazite (Cu/CHA) catalysts have been found to be affected by alkali metal and alkaline earth ions. However, the effects of Na⁺ ions on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) are still unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism, five samples with various Na contents were synthesized and characterized. It was observed that the introduced Na⁺ ion-exchanges with H⁺ and Cu^2 + of Cu/SAPO-34. The exchange of H⁺ is easier than that of isolated Cu^2 +. The exchanged Cu^2 + ions aggregate and form “CuAl₂O₄-like” species. The NH₃-SCR activity of Cu/SAPO-34 decreases with increasing Na content, and the loss of isolated Cu^2 + and acid sites is responsible for the activity loss.     

An unusual high ozone event over the North and Northeast China during the record-breaking summer in 2018

Under the background of global warming, the summer temperature of the North and Northeast China (NNEC) has significantly increased since 2017, which was accompanied by the aggravated ozone (O₃) pollution. In 2018, the NNEC experienced a record-breaking summer of the past 40 years. Influenced by the abnormal high temperatures, a regional ozone event occurred on 2-3 August, over 63% of 79 selected cities in the NNEC were exposed to O₃ pollution, and the maximum value of MDA8 O₃ reached 268 μg/m³. Observations indicated that ozone concentrations agree well with the maximum temperature at 2 meters (MT2M) over NNEC with a correlation coefficient of 0.69. During the pollution episode, strong downdraft in the local high (35°N-42.5°N, 112.5°E-132.5°E; LH) over the NNEC created the favourable meteorological conditions for O₃ formation. By analyzing the horizontal wind and wave activity fluxes (WAFs) at 200 hPa, we found that the LH formation was resulted from the Rossby wave propagation from upstream along the mid-latitude Asian jet. The split polar vortex intrusion further strengthened the amplitude of the Rossby wave and reinforced the LH. Moreover, a secondary circulation between Typhoon Jongdari and the LH contributed to the enhanced LH with strong subsidence. On the other hand, the stratospheric intrusions under the deep subsidence also contributed to the enhanced surface O₃. In this study, the deep-seated meteorological dynamical mechanisms contributing to the abnormal high temperatures were investigated, which can lead to a better understanding of the regional O₃ pollution over NNEC under the global-warming background.     

南海中南部水域海水中重金属的分布特征

2010年秋季对我国南海部分海域进行调查,按照采样标准规范采集了16个站位不同水层的海水样品,采用附有ISIS进样系统的电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定了海水中痕量重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd及Pb元素含量,考察了重金属在南海海水中分布状况;同时测定了海水样品的盐度、温度、pH、溶解有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO),分析各项参数垂直分布变化规律及其与重金属的分布变化相关性。结果表明,南海海水中重金属含量较低,变化范围较小,除部分站位Pb元素外,重金属含量低于国家一类海水水质标准,不同站位间所有重金属总和分布没有明显差异性;重金属元素间分布变化趋势存在一定的相关性;盐度、温度、pH、DOC、DO与重金属分布变化存在着比较显著的相关性规律。     

有机污染物在水体表面微层的富集行为

研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）,邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）和阴离子表面活性剂在水体表面微层的富集行为．现场分析结果表明邻苯二甲酸酯在小型封闭湖泊表面微层中存在富集现象,富集倍数在１～１１之间,湖水的理化性质及采样方式均影响富集倍数的大小．室内微宇宙研究表明ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ在微宇宙水体表面微层中均存在富集现象,富集倍数分别为２．８１和１．９８,藻类、颗粒物和腐殖酸也同时在微宇宙水体表面微层中富集．当水体中加入表面活性物质和腐殖酸时,邻苯二甲酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）在表面微层的富集倍数随加入的２种物质浓度的增大而降低．对阴离子表面活性剂的富集动力学研究表明,当表面微层遭到破坏后,其在表面微层达富集平衡需较长时间,水体浓度也影响富集倍数     

有机磷阻燃剂的环境暴露与动物毒性效应

有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)逐渐替代了危害较大的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),因此使得人类及其他生物更易暴露于这种有机物中。有研究表明,部分有机磷酸酯具有致癌性,因而使人们对其毒性的问题也日益关注。本文概述了有机磷阻燃剂的环境暴露水平,总结了近年来从体外与体内实验2个方面动物毒性效应的研究。目前研究发现诸多地区的大气、土壤和水体中的有机磷阻燃剂总含量水平相对较低;仅高浓度暴露才会对不同动物体造成一定程度的损伤,而远大于环境浓度的低浓度暴露几乎无损伤效应。最后,对有机磷阻燃剂毒性效应的未来研究重点进行了展望。     

蒽醌修饰石墨毡电极预处理头孢合成废水

以钛涂钌电极为阳极、自制蒽醌修饰石墨毡电极为阴极,对头孢合成废水(COD=25 000~30 000 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=850~1 300 mg/L、色度为2 300~2 680度)进行了电化学氧化预处理,优化了电解条件,并对电化学体系的动力学和稳定性进行了分析。实验结果表明:蒽醌的存在可改善电化学氧化降解效果;在电解时间50 min、电流密度0.14 A/cm2、Na2SO4浓度0.1 mol/L、极板间距2 cm、初始废水p H 7.0的条件下,废水的COD、色度、NH3-N的去除率分别可达45.3%,66.9%,33.6%;BOD5/COD由处理前的0.27增至0.40,可生化性得到改善;COD、色度、NH3-N的电化学氧化降解过程均近似符合一级动力学方程;且该电化学体系的应用稳定性良好。     

Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层组织与性能的研究

目的 采用化学复合镀技术对微弧氧化进行封孔,进而得到抗烧蚀性能优良的Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层。方法 通过采用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学金相显微镜(OM)、显微硬度仪(Microhardness Tester)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、氧–乙炔烧蚀试验(Oxy-Acetylene Ablation Test)等方法,对复合涂层的表面形貌、截面形貌、厚度、显微硬度、物相和抗烧蚀性能等进行分析。结果 陶瓷层原始表面完全被化学镀层覆盖,所制得的复合涂层厚度均匀,化学镀层与陶瓷层紧密嵌合。镀液中的SiC浓度对镀覆的速度、镀层中SiC粒子的共沉积量有着较大的影响。当粒子质量浓度为16~20 g/L时,颗粒的共沉积量较大。化学复合镀60 min可以得到厚度20 μm左右的Ni-P-SiC镀层,SiC颗粒分布均匀。当镀液中SiC质量浓度为16 g/L时,镀层具有最高的硬度。对比未处理、仅微弧氧化和Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层试样,Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层试样具有最佳的抗烧蚀性能。结论 Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层均匀、致密,具有良好的抗烧蚀。     

东太湖沉积物中氮的积累与水生植物沉积

为揭示浅水湖泊沉积物中氮的积累及其与水生植物间的关系,1993年11月在东太湖42个样点上采集了沉积物柱状样品并进行了分析。东太湖硬度小于5kgf/cm²的松软淤积层平均厚度0.96m,全湖淤积量149×106t。粉沙质淤积物中总氮（TN）含量0.009％～0.801％,总有机碳（TOC）含量0.01％～17.36％,变幅极为悬殊。总氮含量与总有机碳含量间呈密切的线性正相关TN（％）＝0.0251TOC（％）＋0.0063,表层沉积物中总氮和总有机碳含量都与水生植物的现存量有较为显著的正相关。这说明,氮和有机碳主要经过水生植物的生物沉积途径进入沉积物,水生植物有将湖水中的氮传输到底泥中,使其进入地球化学循环的功能,这对于降低湖水中的氮含量、防止富营养化有积极的意义     

发酵类抗生素废水处理工艺及运行效果

介绍了内蒙古某抗生素废水处理厂的处理工艺流程、处理单元类型及其详细设计参数,通过对该污水处理厂半年内运行效果的调研,分析评价该污水处理系统的处理效果及出水指标;该水厂工艺流程对COD、TOC、氨氮、总氮、总磷、BOD和急性毒性的平均去除率分别为96.52%、95.83%、50.24%、55.20%、62.05%、98.52%和99.14%,COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷出水水质分别为477、438、556.7和7.69 mg/L,达到排放到城区下水道要求,园区内所有废水汇集到园区污水处理厂进行集中深度处理达标后排放水体。通过对该水厂工艺的介绍和水质分析,为我国抗生素生产企业面临的废水处理工艺类型选择及工程改造升级提供一定参考。