制定室内空气质量标准的几点意见

本文针对当前引人注目的室内空气污染问题，讨论了制定室内空气质量标准的意义、步骤和基本原则，指出了我国室内空气质量管理研究的方向。     

Boiler briquette coal versus raw coal: Part II--Energy, greenhouse gas, and air quality implications

The objective of this paper is to conduct an integrated analysis of the energy, greenhouse gas, and air quality impacts of a new type of boiler briquette coal (BB-coal) in contrast to those of the raw coal from which the BB-coal was formulated (R-coal). The analysis is based on the source emissions data and other relevant data collected in the present study and employs approaches including the construction of carbon, energy, and sulfur balances. The results show that replacing R-coal with BB-coal as the fuel for boilers such as the one tested would have multiple benefits, including a 37% increase in boiler thermal efficiency, a 25% reduction in fuel demand, a 26% reduction in CO2 emission, a 17% reduction in CO emission, a 63% reduction in SO2 emission, a 97% reduction in fly ash and fly ash carbon emission, a 22% reduction in PM2.5 mass emission, and a 30% reduction in total emission of five toxic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) metals contained in PM10. These benefits can be achieved with no changes in boiler hardware and with a relatively small amount of tradeoffs: a 30% increase in PM10 mass emission and a 9-16% increase in fuel cost.     

High nitrite accumulation and strengthening denitrification for old-age landfill leachate treatment using an autocontrol two-stage hybrid process

An autocontrol two-stage hybrid process was developed to treat landfill leachate. Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway was split into two stages. The first stage was designed for the high nitrite accumulation and was composed of two hybrid bed reactors (Hybrid I and Hybrid II) and a coagulation–flocculation reactor having effective volumes of 120 L and 80 L, respectively. The second stage was designed for strengthening denitrification and included a single 80 L reactor. The carriers of the hybrid bed reactors were composed of fixed multiple flexible carriers and suspended particle carriers. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and temperature were used as online fuzzy control parameters of the automatic control system. The concentration of nitrite in Hybrid I and Hybrid II could reach 411 mg L⁻¹ and 604 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Ammonia removal has reached maximal rates of 0.061 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹ and 0.041 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹, respectively. A maximum nitrite removal rate of 0.211 kgNO₂⁻-N (m³ h)⁻¹ was observed during the strengthening denitrification. The running time of one cycle was not fixed and was actually controlled by the system. The results indicated that the running period was more closely related to influent ammonia concentration than influent COD concentration. The aeration times could be shortened and the energy could be saved. The autocontrol two-stage hybrid process is therefore an economical and effective way for landfill leachate treatment.     

喷淋塔传质特性的实验与模型研究

从液滴受力分析入手,分析了喷淋塔内液滴的运动特性,采用类比定律推导了气相传质系数计算式,建立了喷淋塔脱氨传质模型,并进行了实验验证,分别在不同的喷淋密度和空塔气速的条件下,对传质系数、比表面积及容积吸收率沿塔高的分布进行了模拟。结果表明,沿着液滴的下落方向,比表面积逐渐减小,传质系数缓慢增大,二者在塔顶附近变化显著;传质速率受比表面积和传质推动力的影响较大,增大喷淋密度可显著增加比表面积,提高空塔气速可增大平均传质系数;喷淋塔下半段比表面积小,增大比表面积是强化传质的有效手段。     

Analyzing motorists’ responses to temporary signage in highway work zones

For decades, the importance of highway work zone safety has increased considerably with the continual increase in the number of highway work zones present on highways for repairs and expansion. Rural work zones on two-lane highways are particularly hazardous and cause a significant safety concern due to the disruption of regular traffic flow. In this study, researchers determined motorists’ responses to warning signs in rural, two-lane highway work zones. The researchers divided vehicles into three classes (passenger car, truck, and semitrailer) and compared the mean change in speed of these classes based on three different sign setups: portable changeable message sign (PCMS) OFF, PCMS ON with the message of Slow Down, Drive Safely, and a temporary traffic sign (W20-1, “Road Work Ahead”). Field experiments were conducted on two two-lane work zones with flagger control. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether there was a significant interaction between motorists’ responses and the sign setups. Data analysis results show that a visible PCMS, either turned on or off, was most effective in reducing truck speeds in rural, two-lane work zones. The temporary traffic sign (W20-1) was more effective in reducing the vehicle speeds of passenger car and semitrailer. Results of this research project will help traffic engineers to better design the two-lane work zone setup and take necessary safety countermeasures to prevent vehicle crashes.     

基质结构对水平潜流人工湿地净化效果影响

为研究基质填充结构变化对人工湿地净化效果的影响,构建2个不同基质结构的对比水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,对城市污水处理厂出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明,1～7 mm石英砂均混填充结构人工湿地系统对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为49.5%,40.1%和56.1%;比较而言,1～7 mm石英砂分层填充结构湿地系统对3种污染物的平均去除率分别为53.7%,60.4%和68.6%。方差分析表明,不同石英砂结构的人工湿地对COD、NH4+-N及TP的净化效果差异显著(p<0.05)。此外,不同水力停留时间条件下,基质填充结构不同的湿地系统对以上3种污染物的净化效果也存在显著差异(p<0.05),去除率随着水力停留时间的增加而升高,当HRT为36 h时,各系统均能取得较好的净化效果。     

基于改进G-函数的能量桩结构可靠性设计

为优化能量桩施工前期设计工作,提高能量桩传热和承载特性效率,采用曲线拟合对能量桩G-函数进行改进,构造了包含桩身尺寸、岩土热物性等参数的响应函数,用Comsol数值模拟验证其正确性,并探讨了其随各因素变化的规律;用Python软件编制MCS循环来计算不确定场地参数下设计方案的可靠度,汇总工程案例来验证设计模型的正确性,并利用上海某场地参数进行全面的设计步骤。结果表明:在改进G-函数的模型中,利用MCS循环计算可以充分考虑土性参数、桩身尺寸及理论模型的不确定性,给出最佳传热效果和承载特性的设计组合。     

台风暴雨

台风是经常侵袭我国的一种强烈天气系统。时常在我国造成严重的灾害。本文主要讨论与台风有关的暴雨特征。出没于中国大陆及沿海的台风暴雨主要有三种类型：１）台风之气旋性环流内的暴雨；２）台风外缘与西风带或辐热带系统等相互作用的暴雨；３）台风临近前的前置暴雨及其消散时的滞后暴雨。其中，第一种是最普遍常见的；而后两种亦常造成严重的危害，不可忽视。登陆我国的台风，由于其自身及外围环流系统和下垫面环境条件的不同，     

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及动力学研究

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源,通过摇床实验进行反硝化过程动力学研究。实验结果表明,以吡啶和喹啉为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累率分别达到了53.4%和16.4%;以吲哚为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累现象不明显,最高不超过4%。以NO-3-N+0.6 NO-2-N作为反硝化电子受体,采用基于Monod方程的动态模型进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好。其次,采用基于Monod方程的微分方程组模型,也能够很好地拟合3种碳源条件下反硝化过程硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐质量浓度的变化,得到相应的动力学参数。     

市政污水处理场的景观设计

论述景观设计在市政污水处理场建设中的重要性。从景观设计分类的角度，对市政污水处理场建筑造型设计、造景组合进行分析和探讨，并结合具体设计方案讨论这一课题。