2005年渭河、汉江流域一次致洪暴雨过程浅析

采用了高空、地面常规气象观测资料、水文资料和NCEP格点资料,对2005年出现在渭河、汉江流域一次秋季连阴雨中的致洪暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:这次强降水持续时间长,降水总量大,地域集中,洪水汇流快,造成的灾害重;分别是渭河下游、汉江干流1981年和1983年以来的最大洪水过程。渭河洪水有7大特点,汉江洪水有3个明显特点;次致洪暴雨过程的主要影响系统是500 hPa的西风槽、副高、700 hPa及以下的低涡切变;暴雨的水汽主要来自孟加拉湾和南海;动力场上的高层辐散、中低层强辐合,使垂直上升运动强烈发展,为致洪暴雨的形成提供了非常有利的动力条件。     

排放废水综合合格率统计概念分析

在企业环境管理与环境统计中，排放废水综合合格率是一个常见的和重要的考核指标。本文运用多种辅助方法对其意义及内涵进行了多侧面的分析，同时给出了一些实例，并对其进行了统计运算和效果分析。     

砂土滑动液化的初步分析

本文针对大量的滑坡现场观察到的滑体滑动引起严重的砂土液化现象描述了液化引起的危害。初步给出了砂土滑动液化的定义;分析了砂土滑动液化形成的机理以及砂土滑动液化势评价的初步设想。     

层次分析法(AHP)在安全经济分析中的应用

简单介绍层次分析法，提出了安全项目的效益层次结构和成本层次结构，应用层次分析法对罐区监控预警系统做了综合评价。     

中国职业汽车驾驶员适宜性检测标准制订研究

本文利用先进的心理，生理仪器，巡回14个省（市），检测了3000余名汽车运输驾驶员的心理，生理素质状况，并调查了被检测驾驶员连续5年的事故记录，经相关性分析和聚类数据处理，建立了适合我国国情的驾驶员适宜性检测体系，并制订出检测标准。     

碱法草浆造纸黑液厌氧生物降解研究

采用中温(34±2℃)全混合式厌氧反应器处理蒽酸和硫化烧碱草浆造纸黑液。对比厌氧发酵结合物化前或后处理两种方法进行试验,厌氧生物降解COD_(er)去除率分别为61.2～75.3％和34.9～46.2％,COD_(er)总去除率分别为80.0～87.6％和68.4～75.8％。在厌氧发酵稳态运行条件下,对发酵污泥中主要微生物类群和数量进行了研究。     

低压下不同新型清洁气体灭火剂抑灭21700型锂离子电池火研究

为探究在航空运输低压环境下Novec1230（全氟己酮）和2-BTP（2-溴-3,3,3三氟丙烯）2种新型清洁气体灭火剂扑灭和抑制空运锂离子电池火的效果,基于动压变温实验舱,自主设计了适用于气体灭火剂的实验灭火装置;在40,60,80 kPa 3种环境压力梯度下开展灭火实验,分析了施加2种灭火剂前后锂电池表面温度变化和灭火过程中的实验现象。结果表明:低压下2-BTP和Novec1230均能有效降低锂离子电池火焰中自由基浓度,快速扑灭明火;2-BTP的降温和抑制温升效果明显优于Novec1230,能更好地抑制锂电池之间的连锁热失控。研究结果可为新一代机载灭火剂的选择提供参考。     

基于光纤光栅传感的隧道火灾热传递特性测试

基于光纤光栅的感温传感技术对隧道火灾准确、快速报警的影响因素中,除了传感器的响应时间、精度等自身参数外,着火点向四周的热能传递特点、不同的风载条件下的热能传递特点等对传感器的测量输出有着重要影响。通过隧道现场试验对上述问题开展研究,得到了火灾热源与传感器在不同距离下传感器感知到的热能分布特性,以及在不同风速载荷下隧道内温度的分布和扩散特性。结果表明,光纤光栅探测器温升梯度的稳定态值与探测器到热源之间的距离成指数关系。在风载为3 m/s时,着火点的热辐射峰值点沿风向下偏了约5 m;风载为5 m/s时,下偏距离达到10 m,为更加合理的火灾传感器设置提供科学依据。     

Analyzing injury severity of bus passengers with different movements

Objective: Though public transport vehicles are rarely involved in mass casualty accidents, when they are, the number of injuries and fatalities is usually high due to the high passenger capacity. Of the few studies that have been conducted on bus safety, the majority focused on vehicle safety features, road environmental factors, as well as driver characteristics. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to investigate the underlying risk factors related to bus occupants. This article presents an investigation aimed at identifying the risk factors affecting injury severity of bus passengers with different movements.

Method: Three different passenger movement types including standing, seated, and boarding/alighting were analyzed individually using classification and regression tree (CART) method based on publicly available accident database of Great Britain.

Results: According to the results of exploratory analyses, passenger age and vehicle maneuver are associated with passenger injury severity in all 3 types of accidents. Moreover, the variable “skidding and overturning” is associated with injury severity of seated passengers and driver age is correlated with injury severity of standing and boarding/alighting passengers.

Conclusions: The CART method shows its ability to identify and easily explain the complicated patterns affecting passenger injury severity. Several countermeasures to reduce bus passenger injury severity are recommended.     

Gravimetric analysis for PM2.5 mass concentration based on year-round monitoring at an urban site in Beijing

Daily PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of below 2.5 μm) mass concentrations were measured by gravimetric analysis in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(CRAES), in the northern part of the Beijing urban area, from December 2013 to April 2015. Two pairs of Teflon(T1/T2) and Quartz(Q1/Q2) samples were obtained, for a total number of 1352 valid filters. Results showed elevated pollution in Beijing,with an annual mean PM_(2.5)mass concentration of 102 μg/m~3. According to the calculated PM_(2.5)mass concentration, 50% of our sampling days were acceptable(PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3), 30% had slight/medium pollution(75–150 μg/m~3), and 7% had severe pollution( 250 μg/m~3). Sampling interruption occurred frequently for the Teflon filter group(75%) in severe pollution periods,resulting in important data being missing. Further analysis showed that high PM_(2.5)combined with high relative humidity(RH) gave rise to the interruptions. The seasonal variation of PM_(2.5)was presented, with higher monthly average mass concentrations in winter(peak value in February, 422 μg/m~3), and lower in summer(7 μg/m~3 in June). From May to August, the typical summer period, least severe pollution events were observed, with high precipitation levels accelerating the process of wet deposition to remove PM_(2.5). The case of February presented the most serious pollution, with monthly averaged PM_(2.5)of 181 μg/m~3 and 32% of days with severe pollution. The abundance of PM_(2.5)in winter could be related to increased coal consumption for heating needs.