如何推行企业安全文化控制员工的不安全行为

目前,大家普遍认为安全生产事故的发生主要有两方面的原因：一方面是人的不安全行为;另一方面是物的不安全状态。统计表明,由于人的不安全行为导致的伤亡事故占伤亡事故总数的70％-90％。因此,如何控制人的不安全行为,已经成为企业安全管理的关键所在。     

石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术

提出了一种多级降温冷凝-梯级污染物分离-组分机械纯化的集成石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术。将其应用于1Mt／a冷焦废水处理系统,运行结果表明,废水循环再生率、污油循环使用率、石油焦粉回收使用率、挥发性有机物回收利用率均达100％。与国内外同类技术相比,该技术具有冷焦废水处理效果好、投资小、经济和社会效益显著等优点,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

Occurrence and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in an ecological wastewater treatment plant in South China and effluent impact to the receiving river

Ecological wastewater treatment plant (EWWTP), a kind of emerging wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in recent years, combined microbiology with botany which is efficient for the removal of nitrogen and organic matter, as well as deodorization. The occurrence and removal of micro-organic pollutants in EWWTPs were still not well known. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their typical derivatives (SPAHs) including the oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), and methyl PAHs (MPAHs) were investigated in an EWWTP in Guangdong Province, China. The concentrations of the Σ6 OPAHs (114–384 ng/L) were higher than the Σ16 PAHs (92–250 ng/L), and much higher than the Σ4 MPAHs (13–64 ng/L) and Σ9 ClPAHs (2–3 ng/L) in the EWWTP and the effluent receiving river. The total removal efficiencies of the PAHs, OPAHs, MPAHs, and ClPAHs in the EWWTP (43?±?14%, 41?±?7%, 55?±?16%, and 18?±?4%) were lower than the traditional WWTPs, probably due to the lower concentration of the sludge in the ecological treatment. The advanced treatment process (microfiltration and UV disinfection treatment) contributed much less (0–20%) to the whole removal efficiency than the ecological treatment (80–100%). The effluent from the EWWTP slightly reduced the PAHs and SPAHs concentrations in the receiving river. The high concentrations of the PAHs and SPAHs in the receiving river were similar to the influent of the EWWTP, indicating that some untreated wastewater was directly discharged to the river, especially in the upstream.

     

Urban tinkering

Cities are currently experiencing serious, multifaceted impacts from global environmental change, especially climate change, and the degree to which they will need to cope with and adapt to such challenges will continue to increase. A complex systems approach inspired by evolutionary theory can inform strategies for policies and interventions to deal with growing urban vulnerabilities. Such an approach would guide the design of new (and redesign of existing) urban structures, while promoting innovative integration of grey, green and blue infrastructure in service of environmental and health objectives. Moreover, it would contribute to more flexible, effective policies for urban management and the use of urban space. Four decades ago, in a seminal paper in Science, the French evolutionary biologist and philosopher Francois Jacob noted that evolution differs significantly in its characteristic modes of action from processes that are designed and engineered de novo (Jacob in Science 196(4295):1161–1166, 1977). He labeled the evolutionary process “tinkering”, recognizing its foundation in the modification and molding of existing traits and forms, with occasional dramatic shifts in function in the context of changing conditions. This contrasts greatly with conventional engineering and design approaches that apply tailor-made materials and tools to achieve well-defined functions that are specified a priori. We here propose that urban tinkering is the application of evolutionary thinking to urban design, engineering, ecological restoration, management and governance. We define urban tinkering as:

A mode of operation, encompassing policy, planning and management processes, that seeks to transform the use of existing and design of new urban systems in ways that diversify their functions, anticipate new uses and enhance adaptability, to better meet the social, economic and ecological needs of cities under conditions of deep uncertainty about the future.

This approach has the potential to substantially complement and augment conventional urban development, replacing predictability, linearity and monofunctional design with anticipation of uncertainty and non-linearity and design for multiple, potentially shifting functions. Urban tinkering can function by promoting a diversity of small-scale urban experiments that, in aggregate, lead to large-scale often playful innovative solutions to the problems of sustainable development. Moreover, the tinkering approach is naturally suited to exploring multi-functional uses and approaches (e.g., bricolage) for new and existing urban structures and policies through collaborative engagement and analysis. It is thus well worth exploring as a means of delivering co-benefits for environment and human health and wellbeing. Indeed, urban tinkering has close ties to systems approaches, which often are recognized as critical to sustainable development. We believe this concept can help forge much-closer, much-needed ties among engineers, architects, evolutionary ecologists, health specialists, and numerous other urban stakeholders in developing innovative, widely beneficial solutions for society and contribute to successful implementation of SDG11 and the New Urban Agenda.

     

基于互补理论的电力系统机组组合优化

针对同时具有离散和连续变量,非线性等特点的火电机组组合问题,在分析一般机组组合优化数学模型的基础上,尝试用连续化的方法建立连续变量和离散变量之间的关系,利用互补约束和最优化极值理论,构建了电力系统机组组合的互补约束优化模型。采用光滑NCP函数对建立的互补约束优化模型进行光滑处理,将其转化为一般的非线性规划问题,并用原对偶内点法进行求解。仿真结果表明:所提算法能有效处理含离散和连续变量的混合优化问题,具有很好的实际应用前景。     

Chemical content and source apportionment of 36 heavy metal analysis and health risk assessment in aerosol of Beijing

The concentration levels of 36 airborne heavy metals and atmospheric radioactivity in total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were measured to investigate the chemical characteristics, potential sources of aerosols, and health risk in Beijing, China, from September 2016 to September 2017. The TSP concentrations varied from 6.93 to 469.18 μg/m³, with a median of 133.97 μg/m³. The order for the mean concentrations of heavy metals, known as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), was as follows: Mn > Pb > As > Cr > Ni > Se > Cd > Co > Sb > Hg > Be; Non-Designated HAPs Metals: Ca > Fe > Mg > Al > K > Na > Zn > P > Ba > Ti > Cu > Sr > B > Sn > I > V > Rb > Ce > Mo > Cs > Th > Ag > U > Pt. The median concentration of As was higher than China air quality standard (6 ng/m³). The gross α and β concentration levels in aerosols were (1.84?±?1.59) mBg/m³ and (1.15?±?0.85) mBg/m³, respectively. The enrichment factor values of Cu, Ba, B, Ce, Tl, Cs, Pb, As, Cd, Sb, Hg, Fe, Zn, Sn, I, Mo, and Ag were higher than 10, which indicated enriched results from anthropogenic sources. Pb, As, and Cd are considered to originate from multiple sources; fireworks released Ba during China spring festival; Fe, Ce, and Cs may come from stable emissions such as industrial gases. The health risks from anthropogenic metals via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal pathway were estimated on the basis of health quotient as well as the results indicated that children faced the higher risk than adults during the research period. For adults, the health risk posed by heavy metals in atmospheric particles was below the acceptable level.

     

Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the methane permeability rate of biogas storage membranes

Selecting a material for biogas storage membranes is becoming increasingly vital because of the wide applications of biogas storage membranes in biogas plants. Material selection has numerous influencing factors, including gas permeability, strength, density, and so on. Among these, gas permeability has a vital role in biogas storage membranes. In this study, three kinds of biogas storage membranes with the same thickness were selected to investigate the effects of temperature (10, 20, 30, and 40°C) and relative humidity (RH; 0%, 50%, and 100%) on the permeability rate of biogas storage membranes. Results demonstrated that when various membrane samples with the same RH values were tested, temperature exhibited a strong effect on permeability rate. Kinetic analysis showed that the relationship between permeability and temperature agrees with the Arrhenius equation. However, no remarkable variation in methane permeability was observed for membranes with the same temperature but different RH values, thus suggesting that RH nearly has no obvious direct influence on the permeability rate of membranes.     

The effect of municipal sludge compost on the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in a sierozem-wheat system in an arid region northwest of China

The effect of sewage sludge on the mobility and the bioavailability of trace metals in plant-soil systems have aroused wide interested and been widely explored. Based on a wheat-cultivating experiment, the effect of municipal sludge compost (MSC) on the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in a soil-wheat system was studied. With the application of MSC, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the soil increased significantly, while concentrations of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd) were below the China’s minimum thresholds. The application of MSC could improve wheat growth. The application of MSC at the rate of 0.5 % had no significant effect on the chemical fraction distribution of Cd in soil. In two soil treatments, Cd mainly existed in the labile chemical fractions (exchangeable chemical fraction (EXCF) and carbonate chemical fraction (CABF)). However, the application of MSC could reduce accumulation of Cd by wheat. Cd contents in each part of the MSC-applied wheat were significantly less than that of non-MSC-applied wheat. In the tested soils, the extractable concentrations decreased in the order: EDTA > MgCl₂ ≈ NH₄OAc > DTPA. There were no significant differences between soil treatments in the amounts of extractable Cd when the extraction was done under neutral conditions, although significant differences were observed when the extraction was done under alkaline conditions. In this study, the DTPA extraction procedure provided a good indication of Cd bioavailability. Our results suggest that, in the short term at least, amending soils with MSC may benefit crop dry matter production while not increasing the risk of human exposure to Cd through consumption of wheat grown on MSC-amended soils.     

Novel bacterial consortia isolated from plastic garbage processing areas demonstrated enhanced degradation for low density polyethylene

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aimed to formulate novel microbial consortia isolated from plastic garbage processing areas and thereby devise an eco-friendly approach for...