Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric submicron particles on the western coast of Taiwan Strait, China

Taiwan Strait is a special channel for subtropical East Asian Monsoon and its western coast is an important economic zone in China. In this study, a suburban site in the city of Xiamen on the western coast of Taiwan Strait was selected for fine aerosol study to improve the understanding of air pollution sources in this region. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-To F-AMS) and an Aethalometer were deployed to measure fine aerosol composition with a time resolution of 5 min from May 1to 18, 2015. The average mass concentration of PM1 was 46.2 ± 26.3 μg/m~3 for the entire campaign. Organics(28.3%), sulfate(24.9%), and nitrate(20.6%) were the major components in the fine particles, followed by ammonium, black carbon(BC), and chloride. Evolution of nitrate concentration and size distribution indicated that local NOx emissions played a key role in high fine particle pollution in Xiamen. In addition, organic nitrate was found to account for 9.0%–13.8% of the total measured nitrate. Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)conducted with high-resolution organic mass spectra dataset differentiated the organic aerosol into three components, including a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA) and two oxygenated organic aerosols(SV-OOA and LV-OOA), which on average accounted for 27.6%,28.8%, and 43.6% of the total organic mass, respectively. The relationship between the mass concentration of submicron particle species and wind further confirmed that all major fine particle species were influenced by both strong local emissions in the southeastern area of Xiamen and regional transport through the Taiwan Strait.     

试行高校学生体质健康标准的情况分析

本文通过对我校试行高等学校《学生体质健康标准》，对04级827人的身高体重指数、分数、耐力指数、握力指数等测试结果进行统计学分析和总结评价，从而得出了对《学生体质健康标准》的几点初步认识。     

长春地震台数字地震仪近震速报震级偏差研究

本次研究选用了长春地震台2000年至2004年近震速报资料,重新测算了数字地震仪近震震级,并以《吉林省地震目录》给出的震级为标准震级,进行了震级偏差统计分析。研究结果表明,随着震中距的变化长春地震台震级偏差变化较大,为使校正值精度提高,我们分段给出了长春台数字化地震仪水平向记录近震震级台站校正值。     

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun porous cellulose acetate nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid as form-stable phase change materials for storing/retrieving thermal energy

Electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid was studied to fabricate form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) for storing/retrieving thermal energy. Electrospun CA nanofibrous mats with different porous structures and specific surface areas were firstly prepared through regulating the volume ratio of mixture solvent of acetone/dichloromethane (DCM). Effects of different volume ratio of mixture solvent and mat thickness on the morphological structure, specific surface area, and absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats were systematically investigated. The results indicated that CA nanofibrous mats were highly porous on the surface; hence, they were capable of absorbing a large amount of capric acid. The maximum absorption capacity of CA mats via electrospinning with volume ratio of acetone/DCM being 5/5 was ~95.8 wt%, due to its higher specific surface area of ~17.1 m²/g. The specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats increased with the increases of mat thickness. As the thickness of nanofibrous mats increased from 10 to 85 μm, the corresponding specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of mats increased respectively from 7.2 to 29.0 m²/g and 92.1 to 98.5%. Morphological structures, as well as the properties of thermal energy storage and thermal insulation of the fabricated form-stable PCMs, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of freezing times, respectively. The results indicated that the resulting form-stable PCMs could well maintain their phase transition characteristics and demonstrated great thermal energy storage capability and temperature regulation ability.     

对几种公路交通噪声预测模式的差异分析

文章从评价范围、源强界定和参数修正三方面对《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》(HJ/T 2.4-1995)、《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》(HJ 2.4-2009)、《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范(试行)》(JTJ 005-96)、《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范》(JTGB 03-2006)、《环境影响评价技术导则公路建设项目》(HJ 552-2010)等五种公路交通噪声预测模式的差异进行对比分析,探究哪种预测模式更加合理。     

基于面板数据分析的潮汐对地下水的影响研究

海水入侵已成为全球性的海岸带环境问题,由于海平面变化是一个长期、缓慢的过程,海水入侵往往难以预测。潮汐波动作为一种有规律的海平面变化,探讨其对地下水的影响使预测海水入侵成为可能。面板数据具有时间和空间两个维度,能更好的代表来自不同个体和不同时间的数据信息,本论文利用连续测量的地层视电阻率数据,采用面板数据方法分析了潮汐波动对视电阻率影响的强度分布,由此预测了海平面上升对地层电阻率的影响和地层视电阻率的变化趋势。     

酸化预处理对剩余活性污泥厌氧消化及其脱水性能的影响研究

剩余活性污泥在厌氧消化系统中难以降解,而研究发现预处理能加速其水解的过程。本文研究了盐酸酸化预处理(pH为6～1)对剩余活性污泥后续消化及脱水性能的影响。综合考虑盐酸的投加量和污泥消化性能的改善情况得出最佳工艺参数:酸化至pH为2时,综合效果最佳。此时污泥消化13天的沼气产量相当于未经酸化处理污泥消化21天的沼气产量。在半连续流消化反应试验(35℃,水力停留时间为12天)中,预处理后的污泥产甲烷量较未经预处理的污泥提高了14.3%,同时沙门氏菌全部灭活。脱水实验研究发现,酸化预处理能节约后续污泥脱水过程中40%的阳离子絮凝剂投加量以达到同样的泥饼含固率。     

环境基本公共服务均等化评估指标体系构建与实证

该文在研究环境基本公共服务概念和范围的基础上,根据"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)概念模型框架,构建了环境基本公共服务均等化评估指标体系,选取江苏、湖北、贵州3个省份进行实证评估,分别计算其环境基本公共服务水平分值,并采用基尼系数得出三省均等化差异程度。研究结果表明:2011年,江苏省、湖北省和贵州省的环境基本公共服务水平综合得分分别为66.11分、43.52分和40.40分。江苏省在"压力"维度得分较低,表明源头污染物排放压力突出;湖北省、贵州省在"状态"、"响应"维度得分较低,说明环保资金、机构投入力度不足。指标体系能够对不同区域间的环境基本公共服务均等化水平进行识别和定量评估。建议应进一步从增进指标直接相关性、增进城乡评估适用性和优化评估方法等方面完善指标体系构建和评估方法研究。     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.