除磷颗粒污泥系统中不同粒径颗粒的理化特性分析

采用SBR反应器培养具有同步脱氮除磷特性的颗粒污泥.使用目数分别为100、60、40的标准检验筛将污泥颗粒按粒径大小筛分为3个等级,即150～280μm、280～450μm、>450μm进行研究,分析了不同粒径颗粒的理化特性.结果表明,颗粒化初期(第7～18 d),密实的颗粒提供良好的厌氧环境有利于加速GAOs和PAOs在颗粒内部的对底物的竞争;密实颗粒有利于PAOs的富集和加速生长,使得不同粒径颗粒含磷量存在差异:280～450μm的颗粒(以SS计)有机磷含量最高,达113.25 mg.g-1,无机磷含量最低,达15.55 mg.g-1.颗粒化后期,反应器运行第34 d,3种粒径颗粒中有机磷含量趋于一致,约为50 mg.g-1,第52 d,无机磷含量也趋于一致,约70 mg.g-1.成熟颗粒中总磷含量占11%,其中无机磷占4.24%.同时,反应器中污泥的磷含量比排水中污泥高,分析表明污泥活性和污泥龄对磷的去除效果有影响.另外,就反硝化而言,大、小粒径颗粒都有较好的厌氧反硝化能力,颗粒内部与外部溶液环境中的NO3--N浓度梯度是影响反硝化速率的重要因素.     

一株中度嗜盐菌的分离及生物学特性

从我国内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖的样品中分离得到一株中度嗜盐细菌菌株JLT-01,研究了其形态和特性.结果显示:该菌株为杆状,革兰氏阴性,无芽孢,无荚膜,无鞭毛;最适培养温度为30℃,最适生长pH值7.5,最适生长盐度10%~12%(m/V),最适生长Mg2+浓度3.0%(m/V);能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、半乳糖作为唯一碳源生长.脂肪酸成分分析表明在JLT-01中主要脂肪酸为C16:0与C18:1ω9c,含量分别为26.39%和20.30%.Tm法测定该菌的(G+C)含量(摩尔分数)为52.3%.以该菌的16S rRNA基因序列为基础构建了系统发育树;16S rRNA基因序列的序列同源性比对表明该菌与海杆菌属Marinobacter lipolyticus SM19T的同源性为98.0%,与Marinobacter属内其它菌株的同源性在96.0%~99.0%之间.DNA-DNA杂交实验分析显示:JLT-01与M.lipolyticus DSM15157的杂交率小于70%.结果表明,菌株JLT-01是海杆菌属的一个新菌株.     

莆田市O3污染来源解析模拟研究

福建省莆田市作为典型的海滨城市,自2015年以来以O₃为首要污染物的天数逐年增加.为了制定科学有效的减排措施,减轻莆田市的O₃污染,以2016年莆田市O₃污染高发的7—9月为研究时段,通过观测数据分析、空气质量模型敏感性分析和O₃来源追踪方法分析了莆田市近地面O₃生成控制区,以及O₃及其生成前体物NO_x与VOCs的区域和行业来源.结果表明:①莆田市西部地区为NO_x控制区,而东部沿海地区则为VOCs控制区.②莆田市ρ（NO_x）与ρ（VOCs）主要来自本地排放贡献,二者本地排放的贡献率分别为69.4%与64.2%,而本地排放对莆田市ρ（O₃）的贡献率仅为21.0%,福建省福州市和泉州市对莆田市ρ（O₃）的贡献率之和为37.6%,外来输送贡献率较大的为浙江省,其贡献率为11.6%.莆田市O₃的外来输送不仅发生在ρ（O₃）较高的时段,在ρ（O₃）较低的时段也占了很大的比例.③莆田市工业源对本地排放ρ（O₃）贡献率最大,达57%,其次是机动车源.④通过敏感性时间序列分析得出,同时削减10%的NO_x和VOCs排放,能使莆田市国控点位平均ρ（O₃）峰值下降约5 μg/m3.研究显示,莆田市NO_x与VOCs主要来自本地排放,O₃受外来输送影响较大,推进本地工业NO_x和VOCs污染的治理与加强机动车尾气的污染控制是减轻本地O₃污染的有效方法.      

南方丘陵区土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险评价

为了探究南方丘陵区土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险状况,选择南方某省丘陵区作为研究区,利用2017年采集的60个点位的土壤样品,采用单因子污染指数（P_i）、内梅罗综合污染指数（P_综）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评估As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属含量特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析其污染来源.结果表明：①研究区8种重金属元素的含量均有超标,内梅罗综合污染指数显示,研究区呈现轻度、中度和重度污染所占的比例分别为63%、8%和2%,无污染和轻微污染的样点占27%,因此基本处于轻度污染;②综合潜在生态风险指数表明,土壤重金属RI为39.58~224.15,低等和中等生态风险的样点所占的比例为73.33%和25%,而重度生态风险的样点所占比例为1.67%,该样点生态风险程度虽然最高,但重金属含量低于该省土壤元素背景值;③通过PMF模型得到6个污染源：自然源、农业活动源、铜矿采选和交通运输组成的混合源、工业活动源、交通源和生活垃圾排放源,贡献率依次为24.8%、17.7%、17.7%、17.6%、12.0%和10.2%.     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用现状及展望

综述了膜生物反应器（MBR）的研究进展，介绍了其分类及特点、处理机理与MBR运行的影响因素以及膜污染的控制等，并概括了MBR的发展及展望。MBR是近来发展较迅速的一种污水治理设备，具有占地少、能耗低等优点，但也存在一定的缺点，其中膜污染是影响其推广应用的主要因素，目前国内外学者一般都以膜污染作为切入点进行研究，通过改变料液性质、优化操作参数、提高膜清洗效率等方法得以防治膜污染。     

大气-气溶胶在线装置和离子色谱联用技术对西安市灰霾天气的监测研究

本文使用美国URG公司生产的大气气溶胶(PM2.5)水溶性组分/大气(气态污染物)在线监测分析系统,对西安市2013年1月持续近一月的灰霾天气空气质量污染的全过程,进行了连续不间断监测、分析研究,结果表明:结合西安市气候状况和地形等因素,汽车尾气、集中采暖等人类活动才是造成这次西安市冬季灰霾天气的主要因素.     

Dissipation and residue behavior of mepiquat on wheat and potato field application

A modified LC-MS method for the analysis of mepiquat residue in wheat, potato, and soil was developed and validated. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic column has been successfully used to retain and separate the mepiquat. Mepiquat residue dynamics and final residues in supervised field trials at Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) conditions in wheat, potato, and soil were studied. The limits of quantification for mepiquat in all samples were all 0.007 mg kg^?1, which were lower than their maximum residue limits. At fortification levels of 0.04, 0.2, and 2 mg kg^?1 in all samples, recoveries ranged from 77.5 to 116.4 % with relative standard deviations of 0.4–7.9 % (n?=?5). The dissipation half-lives (T _1/2) of mepiquat in soil (wheat), wheat plants, soil (potato), and potato plants were 4.5–6.3, 3.0–5.6, 2.2–4.6, and 2.4–3.2 days, respectively. The final residues of mepiquat were below 0.153 mg kg^?1 in soil (wheat), 0.052–1.900 mg kg^?1 in wheat, below 0.072 mg kg^?1 in soil (potato), and below 1.173 mg kg^?1 in potato at harvest time. Moreover, pesticide risk assessment for all the detected residues was conducted. A maximum 0.0012 % of acceptable daily intake (150 mg kg^?1) for national estimated daily intake indicated low dietary risk of these products.     

能源资源开发与区域经济发展协调研究——以我国西北地区为例

本文探讨了能源资源富集、但经济发展相对落后的经济大区能源资源开发同地区经济协调发展的问题。侧重以我国西北地区为例,从实证的角度,阐述了能源开发对地区经济繁荣的意义和作用、富能地区经济系统的空间组织以及推动能源开发同可持续发展相互协调的区域政策要点。     

Do trace metal(loid)s in road soils pose health risks to tourists? A case of a highly-visited national park in China

Nowadays, more people tend to spend their recreational time in large national parks, and trace metal(loid)s in soils have attracted long-term attention due to their possible harm to human health. To investigate the pollution levels, potential sources and health risks of trace metal(loid)s in road soils, a total of eight trace metal(loid)s (including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) from 47 soil samples along roads were studied in the Huangshan National Park in Southeast China. The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Hg appeared different degrees of pollution compared with their corresponding background values. According to the pollution indices, Hg and Cd were recognized as significant pollutants presenting moderate to high ecological risk. Combining principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization model, the results showed that traffic, industrial, agricultural and natural sources were the potential origins of trace metal(loid)s in this area, with contribution rates of 39.93%, 25.92%, 10.53% and 23.62%, respectively. Non-carcinogenic risks were all negligible, while the carcinogenic risk of As was higher than the limit (1 $\times$ 10⁻⁶). Moreover, children were more susceptible to trace metal(loid)s by ingestion which appeared to be a more important exposure pathway than dermal contact and inhalation. The contribution rates of different sources to non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks were similar among children and adults, while traffic and industrial sources have a significant impact on health risks. This study will give more insights to control the environmental risks of trace metal(loid)s in national parks.     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.