Detection of sulphite in plants

Artificially SO(2)-fumigated plant material was investigated for its sulphite content. Experiments with moderate concentrations of SO(2) (0.15-0.45 mg m(-3) lasting for 3 weeks, showed no detectable amounts of sulphite present in peas. Considering the detection limit of the method, this indicates that the steady state level in plant tissues is below 4 x 10(-5)M sulphite. Only in pea plants exposed to very high SO(2)-doses of 2.6-26mg m(-3) for 12-48 h, was sulphite recorded. We conclude from our results that sulphite dioxide, taken up by pea plants, is very effectively removed by enzymic and non-enzymic processes, and this 'detoxification' prevents accumulation of sulphite in the plant tissue, and so only very small amounts of sulphite are to be expected in SO(2)-damaged plant material. The possible role of very low sulphite concentrations in plant tissues is discussed.     

Differences in ability of NO2 absorption in various broad-leaved tree species

Absorption of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) by various broad-leaved tree species was determined by the (15)N dilution method. The tree seedlings were continuously exposed to 0.3 ppm (microl litre(-1)) NO(2) or the mixture of 0.3 ppm NO(2) and 0.1 ppm O(3) for 30 days. The total amount of NO(2)-nitrogen absorbed by a seedling during the 30-day exposure period primarily depended on the size of the seedling. Among the tested tree species, three cultivars of Populus showed the highest rate of NO(2) absorption per unit leaf area, reaching as much as 0.3 mg N per dm(2) per day. The absorption rates for Populus cultivars were more than four times greater than those for Viburnum or Cinnamomum which had the lowest rate. A highly significant correlation was recognised between the rate of NO(2) absorption and the stomatal conductance among the species. Three cultivars of Populus which had the highest rates of NO(2) absorption were most susceptible to the mixture of NO(2) and O(3). On the contrary, Cinnamomum, Viburnum and Quercus, which showed the lowest rate of NO(2) absorption, were very tolerant to the mixed gas. These results indicate that the species difference in susceptibility to the mixture of NO(2) and O(3) was mainly determined by the difference in rate of absorption of these gases. Exposure to NO(2) alone had no detrimental effect on the tested tree species.     

Toxicity and residue studies of fenvalerate to some selected freshwater fishes

The toxicity test of fenvalerate were conducted to fresh water fishes Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton), Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), Aplocheilus punchex (Hamilton) and Ctenopharygodon idellus (Valenciennes). The static and continuous flow through tests were employed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) for 24h, 48h and 96h to the test fish. It was observed that Cirrhinus mrigala is more sensitive to this pesticide followed by Applochielus punchex, Lebeo rohita, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idellus. The residue analysis for qualitative confirmation was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to assess the deposition of pesticide in different tissues of fishes. The quantitative study of accumulation in the whole body tissue was done by Gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The quantitative residues confirm the toxic action.     

马尼托巴省弗林弗伦—斯诺湖绿岩带中三个块状硫化物矿床附近变质作用的温度-压力条件

马尼托巴省弗林弗伦—斯诺湖绿岩带的三个块状硫化物矿床附近的变质作用,其压力和温度的估计值,已用镁铁质和长英质变质火山岩的矿物共生组合获得。在该带西部,森特尼尔矿床周围的弗林弗伦地区受到了低级绿片岩相变质作用。在该带中部的斯普鲁斯矿床附近,估计变质条件为上绿片岩相,变质的温度和压力分别为475±75℃和2.6±1.2kbar。在安德森湖矿床附近,斯诺湖以西地区,变质作用达到了夕线石级。在十字石-夕线石带,变质的温、压条件为580±25℃和5.25±0.75kbar;在黑云母-夕线石-铁铝榴石带,在最高压力为6.2kbar情况下,温度为620±25℃。斯诺湖地区的温度和压力的估计值表明,低压下的十字石和石英的稳定上限的实验研究所指示的温度,都比野外矿物共生组合所指示的温度高很多。     

安大略省赫姆洛金矿床的地球化学和同位素研究

<正> 前言尽管在赫姆洛金矿床附近进行了长期的勘探,但在1981年才发现了位于安大略省马拉松附近的赫姆洛金矿床。目前探明的储量为8500     

层状硅酸盐和金红石的成分可作为澳大利亚东南部某些花岗岩中含Sn专属性的指示剂

澳大利亚东南部未蚀变含锡花岗岩中的黑云母含二价铁高,其Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)>0.75,而无矿花岗岩中的黑云母含Fe较低,其Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)<0.65。具含锡专属性的花岗岩和无矿花岗岩的这种差别,在其他层状硅酸盐,特别是绿泥石中也能见到。与该区无矿花岗岩中黑云母和白云母相比,含Sn花岗岩的黑云母和白云母中Be、Cs、(F)、Li、Mo、Rb、Sc、Sn、Tl、(Y)和Zn的含量较高,而Ba的丰度较低。无矿花岗岩蚀变的结果也在云母中违成类似的富集。在这些元素中,由于Sn和Zn丰度高并且在黑云母退变为绿泥石的过程中得以保存下来,因而它们是判别无矿花岗岩和含锡花岗岩/蚀变花岗岩的最有用的痕量元素,而层状硅酸盐的Sn含量则是比Zn含量更好的指示剂。未蚀变含锡花岗岩层状硅酸盐中的金红石包襄体含Nb_2O5高达26%。Ta含量往往随Nb含量的增高而增高,但在形成伟晶岩矿床的花岗岩的金红石包襄体中,Ta的含量特别高。含锡花岗岩中的金红石包裹体也可以具有相当高的Sn、W含量。无矿花岗岩的金红石中Nb、Ta、Sn和W的含量低,但Sn和W随蚀变增强而增高。同时,层状硅酸盐的Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)比值和Sn含量及金红石的成分可用来确定花岗岩的Sn矿化远景。     

Predictions of in situ solid/liquid distribution of radiocaesium in soils

Previous work has demonstrated that plant uptake of radiocaesium (RCs) is related to the activity concentration of RCs in soil solution, which is linked to the soil/soil solution distribution coefficient, K(D). The solid-liquid distribution of RCs is generally studied in soil suspensions in the laboratory and there are few reported measurements for in situ soil solutions. From a data set of 53 different soils (contaminated with either 134CsCl or 137CsCl) used in pot trials to investigate grass uptake of RCs, we analysed the variation of in situ K(D) with measured soil properties. The soils differed widely in % clay (0.5-58%), organic matter content (1.9-96%) and pH (2.4-7.0, CaCl2). The K(D) varied between 29 and 375,000 L kg-' (median 1460 L kg(-1)). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the log K(D) and pH (p < 0.001), log %clay (p < 0.01) and log exchangeable K (p < 0.001) (overall R2 = 0.70). The in situ K(D) values were further compared to K(D)S predicted using an existing model, which assumes that RCs sorption occurs on specific sites and regular ion-exchange sites on the soil solid phase. Sorption of RCs on specific sites was quantified from the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) measured for each soil and the soil solution concentrations of K+ and NH4+. The in situ log K(D) correlated well with the predicted K(D) (R2 = 0.85 before plant growth, R2 = 0.83 after plant growth). However, the observations were fivefold to eightfold higher than the predictions, particularly for the mineral soils. We attribute the under-prediction to the long contact times (minimum 4 weeks) between the RCs tracers and our experimental soils relative to the short (24 h) contact times used in RIP measurements. We conclude that our data confirmed the model but that ageing of RCs in soil is a factor that needs to be considered to better predict in situ KD values.     

Toxicity of the mosquito control pesticide Scourge to adult and larval grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)

This study investigated the toxicity of various concentrations of technical resmethrin and Scourge on adult and larval Palaemonetes pugio, a common grass shrimp species. Two types of tests were conducted for each of the resmethrin formulations using adult and larval grass shrimp life stages, a 96-h static renewal aqueous test without sediment, and a 24-h static nonrenewal aqueous test with sediment. For resmethrin, the 96-h aqueous LC50 value for adult shrimp was 0.53 microg/L (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46-0.60 microg/L), and for larval shrimp was 0.35 microg/L (95% CI: 0.28-0.42 microg/L). In the presence of sediment, technical resmethrin produced a 24-h LC50 value for adult shrimp of 5.44 microg/L (95% CI: 4.52-6.55 microg/L), and for larval shrimp of 2.15 microg/L (95% CI: 1.35-3.43 microg/L). For Scourge, the 96-h aqueous LC50 for adult shrimp was 2.08 microg/L (95% CI: 1.70-2.54 microg/L), and for larval shrimp was 0.36 microg/L (95% CI: 0.24-0.55 microg/L). The 24-h sediment test yielded an LC50 value of 16.12 microg/L (95% CI: 14.79-17.57 microg/L) for adult shrimp, and 14.16 microg/L (95% CI: 12.21-16.43 microg/L) for larvae. Adjusted LC50 values to reflect the 18% resmethrin concentration in Scourge are 0.37 microg/L (adult), 0.07 microg/L (larvae) for the 96-h aqueous test, and 2.90 microg/L (adult), 2.6 microg/L (larvae) for the 24-h sediment test. Larval grass shrimp were more sensitive to technical resmethrin and Scourge than the adult life stage. The results also demonstrate that synergized resmethrin is more toxic to P. pugio than the nonsynergized form, and that the presence of sediment decreases the toxicity of both resmethrin and Scourge.