未来世界能源及气候变化前景

到2030年,世界电力需求将比2000年增加70%。届时,尽管可再生能源与核能电力将占总需求的25%,但75%的电力仍将来自于化石燃料,其中煤电更是要占到总量的40%。那么,该如何应对由此带来的能源以及气候变化危机呢？我们所采取的举措将不单单决定着文明的前途,更决定着人类自身的生存。     

大豆油乙氧基化合物的生物降解

采用振荡培养实验和活性污泥模拟实验对大豆油乙氧基化合物（SOE）进行了生物降解研究。实验结果表明,振荡培养实验中SOE的初级生物降解度随平均环氧乙烷加成数的增多而略有下降,且SOE-4,SOE-10,SOE-20的初级生物降解度在第6天时分别为97．3％,91．1％,89．4％;活性污泥模拟实验中SOE的初级生物降解度随平均环氧乙烷加成数的增多而增加,且SOE-4,SOE-10,SOE-20的初级生物降解度在第8天时分别为29．0％,81．2％,100．0％。用激光粒度仪测量SOE水合物在不同静置时间时的粒径分布及分散度结果表明,随静置时间的延长,平均环氧乙烷加成数少的SOE水合物粒径逐渐增大,且分散性或水溶性变差,易产生团聚导致初级生物降解度降低。对水溶性或分散性较差的表面活性剂,建议以振荡培养实验研究其生物降解性较为恰当。     

Spatial trend and pollution assessment of total mercury and methylmercury pollution in the Pearl River Delta soil, South China

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in large number of soil samples collected from areas with different types of land use, different depth in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China. THg and MeHg concentrations ranged from 16.7 to 3320 ng g⁻¹ and 0.01 to 1.34 ng g⁻¹, respectively. THg levels are highest in the top 0-20 cm soil layer, and decrease from the surface to bottom layer soil. Spatial variation was observed with different types of land use. Urban parks had the highest concentrations and the other areas tended to decrease in the order of residential areas, industrial areas, vegetable fields, cereal fields, and woodlands. Temporal variation was also noted, and two relatively high THg contamination zones located in the northwestern part of the PRD have significantly expanded over the last two decades. Both THg and MeHg concentrations were correlated significantly with soil organic matter (OM), but not with soil pH. THg pollution status was evaluated using two assessment methods.     

我国东北典型河流冰封期细菌多样性的研究——以松花江为例

在我国东北松花江冰封期时采集了该河流域5个监测断面的河水样本,并分别构建16S rDNA克隆文库,通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对水样中细菌群落结构和种群多样性进行了研究.试验结果表明,5个采样点的水样pH都呈弱酸性,并且都有不同程度的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染,其中,B(九站)采样点污染最为严重.5个样品中检测到的共同细菌种类有5个:β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).5个河水样品中的细菌与许多已知降解菌的亲缘关系较近,并以能降解多环芳烃类有机污染物的微生物种类居多,且在5个样品中均发现了指示河流富营养化的菌种,表明该河流存在普遍的富营养化趋势,特别是D、E段(佳木斯上和佳木斯下)比较严重.     

湿式空气氧化法治理特殊钢酸洗废液

本方法首先利用废液中的游离酸溶解特殊钢加工过程中产生的废渣,然后采用空气氧化法,在pH4—5,70—80℃,晶种存在条件下,通压缩空气进行氧化,分离废液中的铁、铬和镍、钴,并回收镍、钴.国内外资料中尚未见到此方法.     

Microbial diversity of soil bacteria in agricultural field contaminated with heavy metals

In this study we evaluated the bacterial diversity in a soil sample from a site next to a chemical industrial factory previously contaminated with heavy metals. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences amplified from DNA directly extracted from the soil revealed 17 different bacterial types （genera and/or species）. They included Polyangium spp., Sphingomonas spp., Variovorax spp., Hafina spp., Clostridia, Acidobacteria, the enterics and some uncultured strains. Microbes able to tolerate high concentrations of cadmium （500μmol/L and above） were also isolated from the soil. These isolates included strains of Acinetobacter （strain CD06）, Enterobacter sp. （strains CD01, CD03, CD04 and CD08） （similar strains also identified in culture-independent approach） and a strain of Stenotrophomonas sp. The results indicated that the species identified from direct analysis of 16S rDNA of the soil can be quite different from those strains obtained from enrichment cultures and the microbial activities for heavy metal resistance might be more appropriately addressed by the actual isolates.     

填料初始湿度对气态乙酸乙酯生物过滤的影响

以堆肥 珍珠岩作为生物过滤器填料 ,研究了填料初始湿度对去除气态乙酸乙酯的影响 .当进气乙酸乙酯负荷为 2 65—376g (m3·h)时 ,通过 1 2 3h的运行实验 ,发现初始湿度低至 30 % (以重量计 )的填料对乙酸乙酯去除能力较低 ,达到稳定运行状态需要较长时间 .而初始湿度较高的填料 (40 %— 70 % )去除乙酸乙酯能力较强 ,可以较快达到稳定运行状态 ,在稳定状态时对乙酸乙酯的去除率较高 .初始湿度高至 70 %的填料不利于实际操作 .在初始湿度高的填料中 ,微生物细胞总数以及细菌和霉菌数量较多 ,酵母菌和放线菌的含量较少 .填料的初始湿度为 40 %— 60 %比较适宜     

稳定同位素在石油天然气地质中的应用与进展

分析总结了稳定同位素资料在判识天然气成因类型、确定干酪根母质来源、进行油 /气 /源对比、追索油气二次运移路线、探讨有机质的热演化规律、分析油气的次生变化以及油气混层开采中所起的重要作用 ,并介绍了稳定同位素应用于理论研究和生产实践的最新进展。     

A Risk-Assessment System for Screening Out Invasive Pest Plants from Hawaii and Other Pacific Islands

Abstract:  Ecosystems of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands have been greatly affected by invasive pest plants, and ongoing, deliberate plant introductions make it likely that additional pest plants will become established. We tested the ability of a modified version of the Australian and New Zealand weed risk-assessment system to identify pest plants in Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. We used information taken from outside Hawaii to predict the behavior—"pest" or "not a pest"—of almost 200 plant species introduced to Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. The screening system initially recommended further evaluation of 24% of these species, but an additional secondary screening was applied to this group, thereby reducing the rate of indecision to only 8%. To independently test the accuracy of the screening system, we compared its decisions—pest or not a pest—to opinions of 25 expert botanists and weed scientists who had substantial field experience in Hawaii or other Pacific Islands. We asked the experts to rate each species as "major pest,""minor pest," or "not a pest" in native or managed ecosystems. The screening system correctly identified 95% of major pests and 85% of nonpests. Among minor pests identified by the experts, 33% were classified as nonpests by the screening system. Use of the screening system to assess proposed plant introductions to Hawaii or other Pacific Islands and to identify high-risk species used in horticulture and forestry would greatly reduce future pest-plant problems and allow entry of most nonpests. The screening process is objective, rapid, and cost-efficient. With minor modifications, it is likely to be useful in many parts of the world.     

新工科、工程教育专业认证双背景下课程教学改革研究——以《工业通风》为例

课程教学改革是培养满足新工科人才能力要求、工程教育专业认证毕业要求的关键环节。以安全工程专业《工业通风》课程为例,分析其在教学中存在的问题,并且从课程内容体系、教学方法以及课程考核3个方面进行改革:绘制基于课程内容体系的思维导图,采用多种授课方式相结合的教学方式,设计能力训练项目以进行教学改革,同时,提出了课程考核改革的基本方法。分析显示,以新工科、工程教育专业认证基本要求为出发点设计教学改革项目,有利于学生能力培养。