污泥掺烧过程中Cl/S/P/矿物质的热交互作用对Cd迁移转化行为的影响

采用化学热力学平衡分析方法,应用污泥实测数据模拟计算了污泥掺烧过程中Cl/S/P与矿物质的交互作用,重点模拟研究了Cl/S/P/矿物质交互体系对Cd迁移转化的影响.研究结果表明,污泥掺烧过程含Cl、S及P逸出气体以HCl(g)、SO_2(g)及(P_2O_5)_2(g)形式排放.污泥掺烧含有CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3体系中,CaO可以抑制S以SO_2(g)释放,而SiO_2及Al_2O_3对SO_2(g)逸出有促进作用,同时CaO及Al_2O_3可以抑制P的挥发.污泥掺烧过程中SiO_2及Al_2O_3对Cd挥发都有一定抑制作用,但CaO及Fe_2O_3对Cd基本无影响;当Cl存在时,Ti O2和SiO_2对Cd吸附作用减弱,并使Al_2O_3吸附剂失效;当S存在时,可导致吸附剂对Cd中毒,而P可导致Al_2O_3吸附剂失效;Cl-S-P耦合体系中,单一矿物质对Cd迁移转化影响主要受Cl和S控制.SiO_2+CaO+Al_2O_3共存体系中,Cl的存在可导致固体吸附剂SiO_2和Al_2O_3失效;S、S+Cl、S+P、S+Cl+P的存在受控元素为S,并且可以抑制Cd的挥发;P、Cl+P的存在对Cd影响受控元素为Cl,可促进Cd挥发.     

Remediation of saline–sodic soil with flue gas desulfurization gypsum in a reclaimed tidal flat of southeast China

Salinization and sodicity are obstacles for vegetation reconstruction of coastal tidal flat soils. A study was conducted with flue gas desulfurization(FGD)-gypsum applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg/ha to remediate tidal flat soils of the Yangtze River estuary.Exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP), exchangeable sodium(ExNa), p H, soluble salt concentration, and composition of soluble salts were measured in 10 cm increments from the surface to 30 cm depth after 6 and 18 months. The results indicated that the effect of FGD-gypsum is greatest in the 0–10 cm mixing soil layer and 60 Mg/ha was the optimal rate that can reduce the ESP to below 6% and decrease soil p H to neutral(7.0). The improvement effect was reached after 6 months, and remained after 18 months. The composition of soluble salts was transformed from sodic salt ions mainly containing Na~+, HCO_3~-+ CO_3~(2-)and Cl-to neutral salt ions mainly containing Ca~(2+)and SO_4~(2-). Non-halophyte plants were survived at 90%. The study demonstrates that the use of FGD-gypsum for remediating tidal flat soils is promising.     

城市污水污泥与咖啡渣的混燃特性分析

利用热重分析法研究了城市污水污泥、咖啡渣在不同气氛及不同混合比例条件下,其单一样及其混合样的燃烧特性,计算了各类综合燃烧特性指数,并对他们的燃烧动力学进行了建模.结果表明,单一污泥样品的燃烧曲线存在3个明显的失重峰,分别对应于水分的析出、挥发分的析出燃烧、难燃有机物及固定碳的燃烧.咖啡渣燃烧则分为挥发分析出及燃烧、挥发分的燃尽和固定碳燃烧两个明显阶段.污泥中混合咖啡渣后,污泥燃烧特性有所改善,其中混合30%咖啡渣后污泥的挥发分释放特性指数D、可燃性指数C、燃尽指数Cb、综合燃烧特性指数S分别增加了1.5、1.0、0.3、1.7倍,与燃烧气氛N_2/O_2相比,污泥和咖啡渣混合试样在CO_2/O_2气氛中燃烧受到了一定的抑制作用.利用Coats-Redfern积分法计算得到不同条件下污泥、咖啡渣及其混合样燃烧的质量平均表观活化能(Em)分别在30.49~36.72 k J·mol~(-1)、63.07~118.90 k J·mol~(-1)、37.80~44.49k J·mol~(-1)范围.可以分别用f(α)=(1-α)0.5、f(α)=(1-α)2描述污泥、咖啡渣及其混合样燃烧的第一挥发分峰前及峰后的燃烧机理.     

高校火灾大学生疏散行为及心理特征分析

为了解高校突发火灾时人员疏散行为及心理,在参照其他人员密集场所应急疏散调查问卷的基础上,设计大学生疏散行为及心理特征调查问卷,并进行网络问卷调查。采用皮尔森卡方检验对应急个体特性、应急意识、应急经验、应急疏散条件与应急疏散心理及行为反应进行相关性分析,获取11组存在显著相关变量组。结果表明:男生在突发火灾时更冷静、自主,更愿意帮助他人;应急疏散心理及行为与消防安全关注程度、应急疏散设施及环境呈明显的正相关。因此可通过加强宣传教育、开展专业的消防教育及演练、完善疏散引导设施、增强安全出口的导向性等提高学生的应急疏散能力。     

Water quality characteristics and assessment of Yongding New River by improved comprehensive water quality identification index based on game theory

The Yongding New River is essential for the water supplies of Tianjin. To date, there is no comprehensive report that assesses the year-round water quality of the Yongding New River Main stream. Moreover, little attention has been given to determining a combined weight for improving the traditional comprehensive water quality identification index (ICWQII) by the game theory. Seven water quality parameters were investigated monthly along the main stream of the Yongding New River from May 2018 to April 2019. Organic contaminants and nitrogen pollution were mainly caused by point sources pollution, and the total phosphorus mainly by non-point source pollution. Dramatic spatio-temporal variations of water quality parameters were jointly caused by different pollutant sources and hydrometeorological factors. In terms of this study, an improved comprehensive water quality identification index (ICWQII) based on entropy weight or variation coefficient and traditional CWQII underestimated the water qualities, and an ICWQII based on the superstandard multiple method overvalued the assessments. By contrast, water qualities assessments done with an ICWQII based on the game theory matched perfectly with the practical situation. The ICWQII based on game theory proposed in this study takes into account not only the degree of disorder and variation of water quality data, but also the influence of standard-exceeded pollution indicators, whose results are relatively reasonable. All findings and the ICWQII based on game theory can provide scientific support for decisions related to the water environment management of the Yongding New River and other waters.     

两段式还原工艺处理铬渣的生产性研究

利用焦亚硫酸钠和硫酸亚铁将铬渣中的六价铬进行两次溶出和两次还原,解毒后铬渣中总铬含量≤1.5 mg/L,六价铬含量≤0.5mg/L,远远低于HJ/T 301—2007《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范(暂行)》铬渣以一般工业固废进行固化填埋标准浓度值。该工艺技术解毒彻底,无返铬现象,过程简单,处理成本低,可实现规模化生产,具有广阔的推广应用前景,对周边环境的保护意义重大。     

翁牛特旗矿山开采环境现状及对策

本文阐述了翁牛特旗矿山开采现状,指出了矿山开采现状所面临的形势,并提出了矿山开采治理的思路与对策。     

最佳管理措施对非点源污染控制效果的预测——以北京密云县太师屯镇为例

选取北京市密云水库上游太师屯镇为研究区,针对该区农业非点源污染特征,设计了最佳管理措施(BMPs).同时,在非点源污染损失估算的基础上,率先尝试从经济学角度预测8种不同非点源污染措施在控制氮、磷和泥沙流失的效果及所获得的环境效益、经济效益,并将各单项措施的控制效率进行了比较分析.研究结果表明：改变土地利用类型的3种措施中,25°以上荒草坡还林措施效果最好,对总氮、总磷、泥沙流失的控制效果都超过15%,最高可达30%以上,且经济效益最大;25°以上坡耕地还林效果次之,对总氮、总磷、泥沙流失的控制效果都超过5%,最高可达12%;15°~25°坡耕地变果园措施最差,对总氮、总磷、泥沙流失的控制效果一般为4%~8%.坡度为0°~15°坡耕地在土壤侵蚀控制中具有重要地位;坡耕地植物篱和保护性耕作对土壤侵蚀类非点源污染的控制效果相近,削减的污染损失占非点源污染损失总价值的13%,具有明显的环境效益.针对畜禽养殖污染设计的农村户用沼气池,其经济效率在10%左右;测土施肥技术可减少氮素流失、节约大量化肥,且削减的污染损失达到非点源污染损失总价值的19%.作为综合污染控制措施的河岸缓冲带,可以有效地拦截氮、磷和泥沙的流失,对泥沙的控制效果最好,为83%,对氮的控制效果最低,仅为27%;而从经济效益方面比较,缓冲带减少氮素流失所获得的经济效益最大,约为该措施总经济效益的56%,泥沙次之,占28%;植被缓冲带削减非点源污染的总经济效率最高,可达35%,折合经济价值约1.69×106元.     

2020年全国公众防震减灾素养水平及主要特点研究

2020年中国地震局开展了全国公众防震减灾知识普及和科普满意度抽样调查,结果显示,17.1%的受访者具备防震减灾素养,与2018年中国公民科学素质调查结果相比较,公众防震减灾素养水平的区域分布有明显不一样的规律,公众防震减灾素养水平与区域经济发展水平之间没有明显的相关性,区域地震灾害程度和个人地震经历对公众防震减灾素养水平有显著的影响。防震减灾素养水平在城乡、性别、受教育水平等不同群体中的差别,和中国公民科学素质调查结果基本一致,受教育水平对防震减灾素养水平影响最大。在不同年龄群体中的差别则和中国公民科学素质调查结果不同,显示出独特的规律。在防震减灾科普工作中,需要重视公众防震减灾素养水平的这些特点,采取有针对性的措施来提升科普效率。     

膜蒸馏用于气田采出水的深度处理

采用自制聚丙烯中空纤维疏水膜,开展了内压式真空膜蒸馏处理某气田采出水的实验研究,考察了膜通量、脱盐率、产水电导率及产水水质等随运行时间的变化,针对实验后期出现的膜污染情况对膜蒸馏浓水除硬后进行二段膜蒸馏,再对出水进一步做催化臭氧氧化处理。实验结果表明：105 h后,废水中各离子浓度随着废水的浓缩而急剧升高,同时废水的高硬度造成膜堵塞,产生膜污染;除硬后去除了膜结垢污染,改善了膜疏水性能,膜通量恢复到初始膜通量的73%;膜蒸馏出水经催化臭氧氧化处理后,出水COD、TOC和ρ（NH₄⁺-N）分别为49 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和11.0 mg/L,满足回用要求。