蓄水后三峡库区重庆段污染负荷与时空分布研究

针对三峡库区重庆段蓄水后的污染负荷状况及时空分布进行了研究。介于三峡库区蓄水后污染形式的变化以及污染源的多样性和库区内各区县污染源特征的差异，将各类污染源分类并分区域进行计算预测。除了对受广泛关注的工业污染、生活污染进行了预测外，还研究了农田径流污染、船舶流动污染、淹没土壤释放污染的计算方法并对其进行了计算。计算结果表明，在2002、2010、2020年重庆段库区水体的主要污染源为农田径流污染、城市生活污水污染和农村生活污染，其中农田径流污染的CODCr、NH3-N、TP的贡献率分别达到了59．95％、74．64％、85．86％，为主要污染源。在2002年、2010年、2020年重庆段三峡库区CODCr、NH3-N、TP的主要来源区域为重庆主城区、万州区、涪陵区和江津市。     

Sampling and analysis of ambient dioxins in northern Taiwan

In this study, ambient air samples were taken concurrently in the vicinity area of a large-scale municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and the background area for measuring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations from November 1999 through July 2000 in northern Taiwan. The results obtained from eighteen ambient air samples indicate that the mean PCDD/F concentration of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners in wintertime (188–348 fg-I-TEQ/m³) is significantly higher than that measured in summertime (56–166 fg-I-TEQ/m³). In addition, the seasonal PCDD/F concentrations are compared with the ambient air quality data including CO, NO₂, PM₁₀ and TSP sampled from Taipei area to gain better insights. It indicates that the variation of ambient air PCDD/F concentrations is closely correlated with that of PM₁₀ concentrations. Besides, the results indicate that the I-TEQ concentration of ambient air in sampling site B (directly downwind of the MWI) is of the highest while the sampling site A (upwind of MWI) is of the lowest among all sampling sites. This implies that existing MWI can be a significant emitter of PCDD/Fs in this area. Furthermore, the patterns of the PCDD/F congener distribution at all sampling sites (including the background site in Taoyuan) are quite similar. OCDD concentration is of the highest among seventeen PCDD/F congeners investigated and accounts for about 35% of the total concentration. As for the I-TEQ concentrations, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF is the most significant contributor, generally being responsible for 30–45% of the total I-TEQ values depending on the sampling sites and seasons.     

Calcium protects roots of Sedum alfredii H. against cadmium-induced oxidative stress

Sedum alfredii is a well-known Cd (cadmium) hyperaccumulator native to China. The impacts of exogenous Ca on Cd-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in roots of S. alfredii were investigated by using cellular and biochemical approaches. Supplementation of the medium with higher Ca levels resulted in alleviated growth inhibition and decreased Cd concentration, as well as increased Ca concentration in roots. Cadmium induced lipid peroxidation and loss of plasma membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species overproduction, as well as ultrastructural changes of root cells were largely reversed by Ca supplementation in the medium. Calcium application significantly altered the Cd effects on antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme antioxidants (non-protein thiols), and significantly increased glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. The results suggest that Ca is able to protect the roots of S. alfredii against Cd toxicity by restoration of Cd-displaced Ca, alleviation of the metal induced oxidative stress, as well as promotion of GSH biosynthesis.     

Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments buried in a reservoir in Northern Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were analyzed at 1-2cm intervals in a sediment core collected from a reservoir in Northern Taiwan to evaluate the organic pollution history. The highest PCDD/F (14.4ng TEQ/kg d.w.) and PCB (0.261ng TEQ(WHO)/kg d.w.) concentrations were determined at 13-15cm (estimated year: 1992). The ages of the levels of sediment core were estimated from the sedimentation rate. Analysis results demonstrate that the PCDD/F concentration of the sediment core measured in the reservoir reached their peak when the municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) in the area started to operate. Furthermore, the decrease in sediment core PCDD/F concentration is related to the time of enforcement of the PCDD/F emission limit set by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in Taiwan. Significant distribution of OCDD in homologue profiles was noted in archived soil samples in Taiwan in which the major input of PCDD/Fs was thought to be atmospheric. Major PCB congeners found in the sediment core were the major components of the commercial PCB products. Input fluxes of PCDD/Fs (5.75-158ng-I-TEQ/m(2)-yr) and PCBs (0.248-3.71ng TEQ(WHO)/m(2)yr) into the reservoir of interest are also calculated from the concentration and sedimentation rate of the sediment. The results reveal that considerable amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were carried into the reservoir of interest in the flood stage but not during normal stage.     

台风灾害下复杂海域桥址区波高特性研究

台风带来的巨浪对位于复杂海域海洋桥梁的建设和运营构成严重威胁。某在建跨海大桥位于福建沿海台风灾害高发区,桥址区岛屿众多,地形复杂,海洋环境恶劣。为研究复杂海域桥址区的台风期波高特性,现场实测了该海域在台风"杜鹃"期间的60h波面数据。通过对实测波面数据进行错误数据和潮位趋势剔除,缺失数据重构等步骤,得到了台风期间实测波高数据。通过对实测波高数据进行线性回归,计算了各个统计波高的比值,并与规范值进行比较。此外,还研究并讨论了适宜于该海域波高的概率分布形式。结果表明:(1)该区域台风期统计波高比值与《港口与航道水文规范》中的相近,但具体到每个小时,具有较强随机性;(2)Gumbel分布与台风期复杂海域桥址区的实测经验波高分布吻合较好。该研究对海洋桥梁设计、施工和极端波浪防灾具有指导意义和参考价值。     

Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China: implications from multivariate statistical analyses

Water quality information of Beijiang River, a tributary of Pearl River in Guangdong, China, was analyzed to provide an overview of the hydrochemical functioning of a major agricultural/rural area and an industrial/urban area. Eighteen water quality parameters were surveyed at 13 sites from 2005 to 2006 on a monthly basis. A bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate the regional correlations of the water quality parameters, while the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to extract the most influential variables for regional variations of river water quality. Six principal components were extracted in PCA which explained more than 78% and 84% of the total variance for agricultural/rural and industrial/urban areas, respectively. Physicochemical factor, organic pollution, sewage pollution, geogenic factor, agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and accumulated pesticide usage were identified as potential pollution sources for agricultural/rural area, whereas industrial wastewaters pollution, mineral pollution, geogenic factor, urban sewage pollution, chemical industrial pollution, and water traffic pollution were the latent pollution sources for industrial/urban area. A multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) technique was used to estimate contributions of all identified pollution sources to each water quality parameter. High coefficients of determination of the regression equations suggested that the MLR-APCS model was applicable for estimation of sources of most water quality parameters in the Beijiang River Basin.     

水培植物净化系统不同氮磷去除作用的贡献

文章通过采用生活污水分别水培吊兰、空心菜和水芹,研究了水培植物净化系统不同氮磷去除作用对氮磷去除的贡献.结果表明,吊兰、空心菜和水芹三种水培植物净化系统中,微生物及其它作用对氮磷去除的贡献最大,植物吸收作用对氮磷去除的贡献次之;而沉淀作用、粘附作用和吸附作用对氮磷去除的贡献相对较小.在吊兰、空心菜和水芹三种水培植物净化...     

被动采样监测遂宁市NO2时空分布特征

采用被动扩散采样技术,在遂宁市辖区16km×16km网格区域内开展了为期1a的环境空气NO2监测,分析了不同时空内的NO2浓度变化趋势。研究表明：NO2浓度季节变化规律是：冬季〉春季〉秋季〉夏季;在全市各个区域中,浓度最高值出现在全市工业集中及车流量较大的区域（船山区）;受遂宁市污染源整体布局以及主导风向（西北风）的影响,全辖区范围内NO2呈现西北低、东南高的趋势。     

大气PM10跨界输送的自组织动力机制——以舟山市为例

我国城市间大气污染物的相互输送作用非常显著.舟山市大气污染物主要来源于长三角地区,本地源影响较小.因此,本文将以舟山市为例,应用频度统计分析方法,研究舟山市大气PM10污染演化宏观动态的统计分布规律.结果发现,舟山市大气PM10小时平均浓度的波动并非随机,而是在0.065~0.324 mg·m-3范围内具有标度不变特征,统计上服从典型的分形幂律分布.同时,为了阐明该分形幂律分布的产生动力机制,基于自组织临界理论,建立了大气PM10跨界输送模型.该模型以污染输送机制、二次颗粒物生成机制、城市内污染迁移扩散机制、大气自净机制这4个主导动力机制为核心,组建了非线性关联迭代算法.新的自组织动力模型的模拟结果定量地解释了舟山市大气PM10污染浓度的分形幂律统计分布规律的产生根源.同时,本研究结合区域风场等气象因素,深入讨论了大气PM10跨界输送的自组织行为机制.     

2014年湖北省酸雨若干特征及其与霾关系分析

基于湖北省32个酸雨监测站2014年观测资料,着重分析了2014年湖北省酸雨特征,并揭示了2008年以来全省酸雨演变趋势,结果显示:2014年湖北省年均降水pH值为4.98,全省仅江夏站为强酸雨,大部地区为弱酸雨区,酸雨强度呈现冬强夏弱、中部强-东西弱的时空分布型;年酸雨发生日数南部多北部少,建始、五峰、金沙站酸雨日数超过100 d,全省年均酸雨及强酸雨发生频率分别为56.5%、10%;2007-2014年湖北省酸雨强度呈现先增强后减弱的变化趋势,酸雨发生频率呈微弱减少趋势,2014年湖北省酸雨强度、酸雨及强酸雨发生频率、K值均为近8年来最低值。研究表明湖北省酸雨强度及电导率与霾日出现与否关系密切,霾为酸雨提供了一定的污染源。