森林消防人员防烟面罩技术探讨及应用

阐述了森林消防防烟面罩的研制及其改进过程,介绍了森林消防防烟面罩的主要技术经济指标及野外应用试验。     

大型水利工程对洞庭湖区水资源开发利用的影响

洞庭湖区北靠长江,南汇湘、资、沅、澧四水,水资源总量相对丰富,然而近年来在气候变化与人类活动的双重驱动下,开始呈现"旱涝并存、旱涝交替"的特征,水资源供需矛盾逐渐加剧。为探讨上游大型水利工程(主要为三峡工程与四水流域控制性枢纽工程)的运行对洞庭湖区水资源开发利用的影响,结合近50a来长江干流及四水水位与水资源情势的演变规律和总体趋势,对比分析了不同时间节点下洞庭湖区水位与水资源总量的年际、年内变化特征,以期从众多的影响因子中辨识出大型水利工程的影响,为湖区水资源的合理开发与保护提供一定依据。结果表明:三峡工程建成运行初期,对于洞庭湖区的水资源开发利用产生了一定的不利影响,且影响主要集中在荆南三口地区,而四水工程的影响相较之下并不显著。     

高原浅水湖泊沉积物中磷、氮形态化学研究

以滇池马村湾和海东湾为研究对象,对其沉积物－间隙水－上覆水三界面中的磷、氮形态作研究,其中钙结合态磷占的比例最大,其次是有机/细菌聚合态磷和残渣磷;总氮含量很高,平均值为2.63 mg/g,而亚硝酸盐氮含量很低,其它三种无机氮形态（硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮）之间并不存在恒定的化学计量关系,这主要是无机氮循环还受水体和沉积物中有机氮的影响。调查还表明沉积物中Fe P含量与间隙水中溶解性磷酸盐磷有着较好的线性关系,沉积物中Fe P含量与间隙水Eh呈对数关系。     

怀洪新河太湖新银鱼国家级水产种质资源保护区生境及渔业群落多样性研究

根据2014年6月和12月在怀洪新河太湖新银鱼国家级水产种质资源保护区现场调查数据,对保护区生境及渔业群落进行了研究。保护区主要水质指标达到Ⅲ类标准,TN为制约因素。保护区共分布有水生维管束植物24种,其中沉水植物、挺水植物、漂浮植物和浮叶植物分别占41.67%、33.33%、16.67%和8.33%。现场调查共采集到鱼、虾类37种,包括鱼类33种、虾类4种,分别隶属于8目15科35属。群落结构以淡水定居性物种及杂食性物种占优,夏季优势种为日本沼虾、红鳍原鲌和刀鲚,冬季为鲫、鲢和鳙。夏季各种网具中采集的渔获物均重变幅为0.12~114.32 g,冬季为4.07~696.70 g。保护区成鱼(虾)资源密度为20.18万尾/km2和10 440.8 kg/km2,幼鱼资源密度为534.58万尾/km2和587.8 kg/km2。冬季资源密度显著低于夏季,数量及重量密度仅分别为夏季的6.94%和30.93%。基于渔获尾数的多样性特征值为:丰富度指数(R)3.812 0,信息指数(H’)1.496 0,优势度指数(D)0.409 9,均匀度指数(E)0.124 0。克氏原螯虾在保护区内广泛分布,对其危害性应加以重视。     

基于SD和CLUE-S模型的区域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量影响研究

土地利用/土地覆被变化改变土壤呼吸条件,进而对土壤有机碳储量变化产生影响,而土壤有机碳储量则是影响农业可持续发展和全球碳平衡领域的重要因素。以上海市崇明岛为例,运用系统动力学模型(System Dynamics Model)预测2020、2030年土地利用需求变化,结合CLUE-S模型(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small region extent Model)得出各种用地类型的空间分布,并引用碳密度法估算三种发展幕景下土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量的影响。结果表明:2030年三种发展幕景土壤有机碳储量分别为:低速发展幕景为3 093.03×106kg,惯性发展幕景为3 079.47×106kg,高速发展幕景为3 059.81×106kg;研究期内土壤有机碳储量呈现缓慢下降趋势,但人类活动对其扰动较小;SD和CLUE-S耦合模型可以从时间和空间两方面对土壤有机碳储量进行模拟,具有可行性;建议通过加强城镇用地集约利用、农田保护、林地建设来减少人为活动对土壤有机碳储量的影响。     

Evaluation of two models of a slipmeter

The aim of the study was to compare the performances of the Brungraber Mark II (BM II) and Mark III (BM III) slipmeters. Friction measurements with the two slipmeters were conducted in a laboratory using four footwear materials, four floor types, and three surface conditions. Both the coefficient of friction (COF) values obtained with the slipmeters and the force platform-based COF values were measured. The COF measured with the BM II was slightly higher than that measured with the BM III with a R² of 0.83. A comparison of the averaged normal force between the two slipmeters showed that the BM II generated a significantly higher normal force than the BM III at a low COF and the difference of the normal force between the two slipmeters decreased when the COF value was increased. The regression analysis results in this study showed that the force platform-based COF values were closer to the COF values obtained with the BM III than with the BM II. The R² values for the regression model between the COF values obtained from the slipmeter and the force platform were 0.90 and 0.79 for the BM II and BM III, respectively.     

湿地植物根际微生物处理生活污水的模型规模研究

在人工湿地模型中,研究了人为增加湿地植物根际微生物对生活污水中COD的降解效果:将2株从湿地分离的根际微生物扩增培养(分别用于模型1与模型2),与一定比例的生活污水混合后注入到湿地模型中,在停留12,24,36,48 h时分别测定污水中COD的去除率.结果表明,加菌模型对COD的去除率显著高于空白模型(P<0.05),且随着时间的延长,二者的差异性越大,至48 h时,空白模型和2个加菌模型(模型1和模型2)对自然污水COD的去除率分别为50.6%,73.0%,75.3%,对灭菌污水COD的去除率分别为52.2%,76.3%,80.1%.说明向人工湿地中添加植物根际微生物将大大提高湿地对生活污水中COD的去除率,具有进一步开发的价值.     

一种新的扇区拥挤告警指标及应用

针对我国管制扇区日益繁忙拥挤、空管保障系统的相对落后,扇区流量告警机制尚不健全的现状,在分析和研究美国、欧洲、日本扇区流量告警机制基础上,提出当量流量告警指标的概念;采用MMBB工作负荷评估方法确定不同特征航班对应的当量系数,计算出扇区的当量流量,建立一种新型的扇区流量告警方法;应用算例的结果验证了当量流量告警指标在扇区流量告警工作中的有效性和实用性。     

Effects of tributyltin on the energy metabolism of pen shell (Atrina pectinata japonica)

We examined the effects of tributyltin (TBT) on aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism of pen shell (Atrina pectinata japonica). We exposed pen shells to TBT at nominal concentrations of 0 (control) and 1.0microg/l for 72h under aerobic condition. At the end of the exposure, half of the pen shells in each treatment were wrapped in plastic wrap to simulate exposure to hypoxia and held at 25 degrees C for another 12h. The concentrations of the products of energy metabolism, namely lactate, pyruvate, fumarate and succinate, in adductor muscle were measured. The exposure to TBT under aerobic condition significantly elevated lactate, pyruvate and fumarate concentrations (p<0.001). After subsequent exposure to anaerobic condition, the mean concentration of succinate in the TBT treatment group was 64% of that in the control group, but there were no significant differences. Our results suggest that the energy metabolism of pen shell is disrupted by exposure to TBT.