嘉陵江广元段流域水污染防治对策

本文就广元市境内嘉陵江流域水环境的形势、问题和达到的目标进行了分析探讨，提出了嘉陵江广元段流域水防治的对策措施。     

工业污水水质在线监测系统研究与推广应用

为了加强对污染源的监控,准确地掌握污染物排放情况,中国石油天然气股份有限公司组织开展了水质在线监测系统研究,并逐步建立了污染源在线监测系统。文章介绍了有关水质在线监测系统的研究现状以及研究成果应用和推广情况。     

Modeling the fate of benzo[a]pyrene in the wastewater-irrigated areas of Tianjin with a fugacity model

A Level III fugacity model was applied to characterize the transfer processes and environmental fate of benzo[a]pyrene in wastewater-irrigated areas of Tianjin, China. The physical-chemical properties and transfer parameters of benzo[a]pyrene were used in the model and the concentration distribution of benzo[a]pyrene in sediment, soil, water, air, fish, and crop compartments, as well as transfer fluxes across the compartments, were then derived under steady-state assumptions. The calculated results were compared with monitoring data for air, soil, water, and sediment collected from the literature. The results indicate that there was generally good agreement and the differences were within an order of magnitude for air, soil, and sediment. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the ambient air in the area was very low with a majority present sorbed to aerosol. In the water compartment, approximately 70% of benzo[a]pyrene dissolved in water phase. Relatively high concentrations of the compound were found in the soil and sediment, with the soil serving as the dominant sink in the area. Benzo[a]pyrene, with a slow metabolic rate, was found to accumulate in fish in the area.     

生态小区特征和指标体系探讨

保护和建设生态小区，推行生态细胞工程是自然生态工作的有力补充。对于目前出现的许多生态小区，中国尚无一套正式通用的生态小区考评指标体系。本文从生态学的角度出发，探讨了生态小区的概念、内涵与其特征，并以此为基础，提出了生态小区的考评指标体系，希望以此引导四川省生态小区的创建活动。     

废钻井液固化实验研究

利用经实验筛选的固化剂配方对废钻井液进行了固化处理的室内配方研究。结果表明,经该固化剂配方处理后的固结材料在水中浸泡5d后的浸出液在色度、化学需氧量、pH值、石油类、悬浮物含量和重金属含量等指标方面可达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中的二级标准。     

Model simulations of dissolved oxygen characteristics of Minnesota lakes: Past and future

A deterministic, one-dimensional, unsteady numerical model has been developed, tested, and applied to simulate mean daily dissolved oxygen (DO) characteristics in 27 lake classes in the state of Minnesota. Reaeration and photosynthesis are the oxygen sources, while respiration, sedimentary, and biochemical water column oxygen demand are the sinks of oxygen in the model. The lake classes are differentiated by surface area (A _s), maximum depth (H _max), and trophic status expressed as Secchi depth (Z _s). Because lake stratification is most important to lake oxygen dynamics, simulated DO characteristics are plotted in terms of a stratification parameterA _s/H _max ^0.25 and Secchi depthZ _s. Simulations provide DO profiles on a daily time scale. Specific DO characteristics of ecological and environmental interest are epilimnetic DO, hypolimnetic DO, DO gradient from surface to bottom, and DO minima and maxima. Specific results are as follows: Simulated mean daily and weekly DO values in the epilimnion of all lakes for both past and future climate scenarios are near saturation over the summer season. Hypolimnetic DO values depend strongly on lake morphometry, trophic status, and time throughout the summer season. Future climate conditions are specified as the historical records from 1955 to 1979, adjusted (monthly) by the 2 × CO₂ GISS model output to account for doubling of atmospheric CO₂. With this climate change, weekly averaged epilimnetic DO is projected to drop by less than 2 mg/liter, and will remain above 7 mg/liter throughout the open water season. The hypolimnetic DO reductions after climate change are on the order of 2–8 mg/liter. Periods of anoxia are longer by as much as 80 days. Those changes would alter water quality dynamics in lakes and have a profound effect on lake ecosystems including indigenous fishes. The results presented are useful for evaluating environmental management options.     

从山东省部分行业看工业节水潜力

本文采用万元产值取水量和水重复利用率作为节水指标,通过对山东省主要工业行业用水节水现状进行调查研究,阐述了各行业节水水平和节水经验,分析并预测了节水潜力,总结提出了各行业应采取的主要节水措施和建议。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土对富营养化湖泊中磷的锁定效果

采用恒定pH共沉淀法制备了Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)对样品微观形貌、元素组成、晶体结构进行了表征。结果表明：Zn-Al-La-LDHs已成功合成并负载于膨润土表面;Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型均能很好地拟合Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土对磷酸根的吸附过程,吸附过程中同时存在单层吸附和多层吸附,最大吸附容量可达12 mg∙g⁻¹。在富营养化程度较高的汤逊湖中心取5根带底泥和上覆水的样柱,进行了除磷药剂投加量实验。结果表明,根据上覆水溶解性磷酸盐(SRP)含量、表层8 cm底泥中活性磷(NaOH-P)含量、投药量安全系数(取10%)、改性膨润土吸附容量,可计算得到投药量;据前述计算结果投加所需的除磷药剂后,汤逊湖实验柱上覆水总磷(TP)质量浓度锁定在0.05 mg∙L⁻¹以下,达到或优于地表水Ⅲ类水体有关总磷的水质要求(TP≤0.05 mg∙L⁻¹)。以上结果说明所研制的Zn-Al-La-LDHs改性膨润土可用于富营养化水体的控磷。     

2017~2022年环渤海地区代表性城市臭氧时空分布特征及气象条件的影响

近年来环渤海地区城市环境空气臭氧（O₃）污染问题引起广泛关注.在对2017~2022年环渤海地区代表性城市东营市O₃浓度时空分布特征进行分析的基础上,评估了气象因素及海陆风环流对O₃浓度的影响.结果表明：①2017~2022年,东营市O₃年评价值呈波动上升趋势,以O₃为首要污染物的污染天数增加. O₃污染主要出现在春夏秋三季,其中5~6月最为严重,且O₃污染季持续时间变长. O₃浓度日最大8 h滑动平均值（MDA8 O₃）的月际变化呈双峰分布,第5和25百分位数增加明显,空间分布呈现“南北高,中部低”的特征.此外,近年来东营市夜间O₃浓度也表现出明显增加的趋势. ②气象因素对东营市O₃浓度变化有较大影响.在温度 > 30℃、相对湿度 < 50%、风向为西南偏南或东北偏东时易出现O₃高值.研究期间东营市气象因素贡献了MDA8 O₃变化的30%;在O₃中度污染与重度污染的情况下,气象因素对MDA8 O₃变化的贡献率可高达40%. ③海陆风对O₃超标日的发生具有一定贡献.海陆风日午后O₃浓度比非海陆风日高20 μg·m^-3左右.在O₃中度及重度污染日,海陆风日10：00~16：00的O₃浓度比非海陆风日O₃浓度高,且20：00~23：00 O₃浓度也处于较高水平.可见海陆风能够显著影响沿海地区城市O₃浓度,为该地区的O₃污染防控带来极大的挑战.建议未来环渤海地区城市进一步加强区域O₃污染联防联控联治,加大氮氧化物和挥发性有机物的减排力度,以减少陆风气团中污染物浓度,从而降低海风气团对环渤海地区城市空气质量的影响.