许昌市臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征研究

为研究许昌市的臭氧(O3)污染情况及时空分布特征,对2014年-2016年许昌市3个国家环境空气监测点位的监测数据进行了统计分析.结果表明:2014年-2016年,许昌市O3污染状况整体呈加重趋势,2016年污染最为严重;O3浓度和超标天数均具有明显的季节变化特征,春末和夏季的O3污染最为严重;不同季节的O3、NO2、NO和NOx浓度日变化也不尽相同,同时O3具有明显的日变化特征,呈单峰型分布,峰值出现在14:00~15:00;并且O3与NO2具有较好的相关性.     

生物陶粒反应器的氢自养反硝化研究

利用氢自养反硝化生物陶粒反应器处理硝酸盐废水,探讨了生物陶粒反应器中氢自养反硝化生物脱氮的实现过程.考察了水力停留时间、进水硝氮负荷、进水pH值、温度、供氢量等因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h和48 h时,反应器对硝酸氮的平均去除率分别达到94.54%和97.47%.在水力停留时间为5~16 h时,NO-3-N去除率随水力停留时间的缩短而降低;进水NO-3-N浓度较低时,NO-3-N的降解速率随其浓度的升高而增大,当NO-3-N浓度大于110mg·L-1时,氢自养反硝化反应受到抑制;中偏碱性环境较酸性或碱性环境更利于反应器对硝酸盐的去除;反应器有较宽的温度适应范围,最适温度为25~30℃;当反应器供氢不足时,脱氮效果明显降低,表明了氢自养反硝化菌对氢气利用的专一性.在整个运行阶段,出水中亚硝酸氮浓度一直保持在较低水平.     

复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1的絮凝作用机理研究

采取PAC+絮凝剂的复配方式开展高岭土悬浊液烧杯实验,考察了复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1、CBF-1溶解物及微生物絮凝剂MBF8的絮凝特性,并借助iPDA仪分析和扫描电镜、光学显微镜观察等手段,比较分析了絮凝过程及絮体特性的差异.结果表明,各复配絮凝的浊度去除效果排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,CBF-1投加量1 mg·L-1时,浊度去除率可达到97.5％;絮体强度排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,絮体恢复因子排序为MBF8＞CBF-1溶解物＞CBF-1,絮体大小排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8.单独投加PAC或投加PAC+MBF8的情况下,形成的絮体形态相对规整、密实;投加PAC+ CBF-1溶解物或投加PAC+ CBF-1形成的絮体则相对无序、疏松,CBF-1作用下絮体大、沉降快.CBF-1中高电荷MBF8组分及大分子羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基多聚糖等组分具有强的电荷中和与桥联协同增效作用;CBF-1还含有纤维素、木质素等大分子量且带多种官能团的不溶性组分,在桥联和吸附过程中也起着重要作用.     

改性壳聚糖CAD与微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配絮凝研究

采用水溶液自由基聚合反应,将丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)接枝到壳聚糖分子上制成了阳离子改性壳聚糖(CAD).经FT-IR、XRD、zeta(ξ)电位、凝胶色谱等分析确定,CAD为淡黄色透明液体,pH值为3.7,相对分子质量为2.88×10⁶,阳离子度为16.7,等电点(0.1%溶液)约为pH值10.5,有效成分2.6%,主要特征官能团有羟基、氨基、季铵基和酰胺基, 呈不规则晶体结构.将CAD与相对分子质量3.67×10⁵的多糖类电负性微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配,对浊度12~460 NTU、离子强度3.0 mmol·L^-1的高岭土悬浊液进行烧杯实验.结果表明,MBF8与CAD的最佳使用方式为先投加MBF8后投加CAD,复配比5:3时效果最好,适用的pH范围为6.0~10.0.采用PAC(3.0 mg·L^-1)+MBF8+CAD(1.0 mg·L^-1)复配絮凝,pH=8.0下,对浊度为110 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,浊度去除率>97%,残余铝<0.08 mg·L^-1,絮体大、沉降快,絮凝效果优于PAC+分子量800万、1200万的阴离子PAM及分子量1500万的阳离子PAM.     

2株降解菲的植物内生细菌筛选及其降解特性

为了获得具有菲降解特性的植物内生细菌,通过选择性富集培养,本研究从多环芳烃污染区植物体内分离得到2株能够降解液体培养基中高浓度菲(200 mg·L-1)的植物内生细菌(菌株P1和P3).经形态观察、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,分别将菌株P1和P3鉴定为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)的细菌.菌株P1和P3均为好氧生长,28℃、150 r·min-1摇床培养7 d,2株菌对无机盐培养基中菲(100 mg·L-1)的降解率均高于90%.条件实验表明,温度20～30℃,pH 6.0～8.0,盐含量0%～4%,装液量10～30 mL(100 mL三角瓶)2菌株生长良好且对菲降解率高于70%.其最适生长和降解温度为30℃,pH为7.0,盐含量≤4%,装液量≤30 mL.综合比较2株菌对菲的降解特性,P1菌株高温耐受性稍强,而P3菌株对环境pH改变和缺氧的耐受性稍强.     

乙醇处理对树脂基纳米水合氧化铁结构及其除砷性能的影响

通过考察乙醇处理对树脂基纳米水合氧化铁(D201-HFO)结构及其除砷性能的影响,评价乙醇处理在复合材料制备中的必要性.结果表明,乙醇处理后负载水合氧化铁(HFO)在D201树脂内的分散性增加,材料对砷的饱和吸附量提高约20%,且复合材料的比表面积、孔容、孔径分别增加了52%、65%、28%;但乙醇处理对复合材料的机械强度和负载HFO的晶型无影响,在pH值、离子竞争对该材料除砷性能的影响趋势方面也无明显作用,对复合材料固定床除砷性能及再生方面也无明显作用.总体而言,乙醇处理对D201-HFO复合材料实际除砷性能影响不大,从技术经济性考虑可以省略.     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.     

明胶厂剩余高钙污泥作为燃煤固硫剂的应用研究

明胶生产产业在废水处理工艺中产生大量剩余高钙污泥,采用该剩余污泥作为燃煤固硫剂,在高温管式电阻炉内进行燃烧实验,通过测定燃烧前和燃烧后样品中的硫含量确定该剩余污泥的固硫效果。通过单因素研究煤粉粒径、剩余污泥粒径和剩余污泥/煤样%等影响因素对固硫率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交设计法优选达到较高固硫率的实验条件。实验结果表明:影响固硫率的因素从大到小依次为燃烧温度>剩余污泥/煤样%>煤粉粒径>剩余污泥粒径。以剩余污泥作为固硫剂,固硫率最高的实验条件为:燃烧温度800℃,剩余污泥/煤样为3%,煤粉粒径60⁹0目,剩余污泥粒径9090目,剩余污泥粒径90¹20目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90120目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90¹20目,剩余污泥粒径为60120目,剩余污泥粒径为60⁹0目,污泥/煤样(质量比)为3%时,固硫率可达62.78%,说明在高温下该剩余污泥保持较高的固硫率。将明胶厂剩余污泥作为固硫剂是较为合适的再利用方法,可有效缓解当前该污泥大量堆积污染环境的状况。     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

沈阳地区采暖期气候特征与节能预报技术研究

基于沈阳地区1961-2010年逐日平均气温观测数据,采用气候倾向率及度日法,参照采暖供热相关规范,对沈阳地区采暖期气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:沈阳地区采暖期平均气温呈上升趋势,采暖期度日呈减少趋势。平均采暖初、终日分别为10月26日、4月3日,平均采暖期长度为160 d。采暖初终日和采暖期长度均存在年际变化振荡,但总体呈现出采暖初日推后,终日提前,采暖期长度缩短的趋势。寒冷程度的减小和寒冷期的缩短使得采暖能源需求量减少,采暖期节能减排空间较大。利用2008-2010年气象-热力数据建立的沈阳地区供热量预报方程及供热气象指数,近3年理论节煤率达9.1%。该预报方程及供暖气象指数已于2010年11月开始在沈阳地区供热作业中投入应用,为实时供热调度提供参考依据。