Phosphate removal from domestic wastewater using thermally modified steel slag

This study was performed to investigate the removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater using a modified steel slag as the adsorbent. The adsorption effects of alkalinity, salt, water,and thermal modification were investigated. The results showed that thermal activation at 800℃ for 1 hr was the optimum operation to improve the adsorption capacity. The adsorption process of the thermally modified slag was well described by the Elovich kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model reached 13.62 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the modified slag was cracked and that the texture became loose after heating. The surface area and pore volume did not change after thermal modification. In the treatment of domestic wastewater, the modified slag bed(35.5 kg) removed phosphate effectively and operated for 158 days until the effluent P rose above the limit concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The phosphate fractionation method, which is often applied in soil research, was used to analyze the phosphate adsorption behavior in the slag bed. The analysis revealed that the total contents of various Ca–P forms accounted for 81.4%–91.1%, i.e., Ca10–P 50.6%–65.1%, Ca8–P 17.8%–25.0%,and Ca2–P 4.66%–9.20%. The forms of Al–P, Fe–P, and O–P accounted for only 8.9%–18.6%. The formation of Ca10–P precipitates was considered to be the main mechanism of phosphate removal in the thermally modified slag bed.     

不同规模民用机场项目主要环境影响对比分析

按照在民航运输系统中所起的作用划分,我国民用机场可分为枢纽机场、干线机场和支线机场。由于建设规模、航空业务量不同,各类机场环境影响的范围、程度和特点也不尽相同。通过对国内机场建设项目环境影响的案例和相关研究成果进行总结,从声环境、环境空气、生态、水环境、固体废物等方面对比分析了不同规模机场的环境影响的特点,为机场选址、设计、规划等提供参考。     

Isolation and Identification of Antialgal Compounds from the Leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. by Activity-Guided Fractionation (5 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope

Vallisneria spiralis Linn., a common, submerged macrophyte, is widely available in quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in Southeast Asia. V. spiralis plays a significant role not only in decreasing eutrophication of water body for its productivity, but also in inhibiting the growth of blue-green algae? The aim of the paper involves the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from extracts of V. spiralis by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography.

Methods

Leaves of V. spiralis was washed free of debris, air-dried and refluxed in 95% EtOH. The extract was isolated using column chromatography and fractionation with antialgal activity. Potential allelochemicals were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS).

Results

Two fractions with strong antialgal activity were isolated using column chromatography and activity-guided fractionation from the extract of V. spiralis. 2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide, dihydroactinidiolide and 4-oxo-β-Ionone were identified in the first fraction, and 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone, loliolide, 6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionone and an unknown compound in the second fraction. They had strong inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Discussion

2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide is a byproduct of photooxidation of chlorophyll, and five other compounds identified were derivatives of β-carotene. HRGC-MS and derivatization technology were used to identify and confirm their molecular structures. The formula of the unknown compound was C16H19NO4. Metabolites of plant pigments had strong inhibitory activities on growth of algae.

Conclusions

Six compounds had been identified in V. spiralis, among them, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide was the main allelochemical, and derivatives of ionone were also potential allelochemicals.

Recommendations and Perspective

. The results of our research could help us to study further mechanisms of inhibitory effect on algae and develop new potential antialgal substances.     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.     

大气环境监测中KB-120D空气采样泵流量控制的几个问题

本文介绍了使用KB-120D空气采样泵的经验,其有关流量的校正.     

频率域电磁感应技术在场地全覆盖污染快速筛查中的应用

针对上海典型化工企业场地(A)和金属制品企业场地(B),运用低成本的频率域电磁感应技术(FDEMI)进行全覆盖扫描探测,依据地层视电导率(ECa)空间分布特征,快速定位土壤/地下水疑似污染区,并合理布置钻孔取样点位。取样测试分析结果显示,土壤/地下水实际污染空间分布与地层ECa值平面分布高度一致。综合FDEMI全覆盖扫描和钻孔取样分析结果,采取"点面结合"方式对全场进行风险分级分区,确定了场地A的西北部及中部存在TPH、氯代芳烃、苯系物和重金属Mn的复合污染区,占全场总面积的28%;场地B的中部为重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)重度污染区,占全场总面积的23%。土壤/地下水中重金属线性电导特性、污染物质极性、有机物自然降解过程中的离子释放现象等可能是引起地层ECa值空间变化的主要影响因素。     

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

Residues of dioxins and PCBs in fat of growing pigs and broilers fed contaminated feed

To investigate the kinetics of PCBs and dioxins, 3 week old broilers and 3 month old pigs were fed with a 10-fold diluted feed from the Belgium crisis for one week, followed by a period on clean feed. In the case of broilers this resulted in levels for dioxins, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs in fat of 102, 84 and 216 ng TEQ/kg, summarized to 402 ng TEQ/kg. Total levels decreased to 217 and 109 ng TEQ/kg after 1 and 3 weeks on clean feed. Indicator PCB levels decreased from an initial 6.2 mg/kg fat to respectively 3.2 and 1.5 mg/kg. The ratio of indicator PCBs to dioxins TEQs was stable over this period. Levels in back fat of pigs at the end of the exposure period were 26, 15, 82 and 123 ng TEQ/kg for respectively dioxins, non-ortho PCBs, mono-ortho PCBs and the sum. Total TEQ levels decreased to respectively 95, 70, 40, 22 and 12 ng TEQ/kg after 1, 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks on clean feed. After 12 weeks dioxin levels were around 1 ng TEQ/kg. Indicator PCB levels decreased from 3.48 mg/kg to 2.65, 2.01, 1.25, 0.76 and 0.45 mg/kg fat, again after 1, 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks on clean feed. Levels of dioxins decreased more rapidly than those of indicator PCBs, also reflected by the ratio of indicator PCBs to dioxins, being 133,000 at the end of the exposure period and 357,000 after week 12. It is concluded that the use of indicator PCBs for dioxins, in the case of a combined exposure, is a safe alternative for screening and in the case of pigs results in an overestimation rather than underestimation of the dioxin levels.     

多食鞘氨醇杆菌共代谢降解五氯酚

研究了一株从活性污泥中分离得到的多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivorum)对五氯酚(PCP)的共代谢降解.比较了细菌分别以苯酚和葡萄糖为生长底物时对PCP的降解效果.结果表明,苯酚对细菌的生长有一定的抑制作用;葡萄糖支持细菌共代谢降解PCP,葡萄糖和非生长底物PCP之间不存在底物竞争抑制现象.蛋白质电泳结果表明,葡萄糖为生长底物时,PCP的降解酶是由PCP自身所诱导;GC-MS分析PCP共代谢降解中间产物时检测到苯酚的存在,说明在好氧降解情况下,PCP的共代谢降解可能也存在渐次脱氯生成苯酚并最终被矿化的过程.     

一株耐铅细菌的分离鉴定及其吸附特性研究

从某铅矿区土壤中筛选出一株耐铅细菌,对其进行初步鉴定,并对pb2+吸附特性和机理进行研究.16S rDNA序列相似性分析表明,该菌属于节杆菌属,将其命名为Arthrobacter scleromae LY-1.菌株最大耐pb2+浓度为500 mg·L-1,此外,菌株对Zn2、Cu2、Ni2+、Co2+等重金属也有一定的耐受性.在初始pb2+浓度为100 mg·L-1、投菌量(鲜重)为10 g·L-1、pH为6.0、温度为30℃、吸附时间为25 min时,吸附pb2效果较好,此时吸附率为99.61％,吸附容量为9.96 mg·g-1,吸附等温方程符合Langmuir模型.透射电镜观察和红外光谱分析显示,菌株LY-1对pb2+的吸附主要是细胞表面的吸附,菌体细胞表面的多种活性基团与pb2+发生络合作用.