Fine particulate matter and cardiorespiratory health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

This review aimed to systematically summarize the epidemiological literature on the cardiorespiratory effects of PM_2.5 published during the 13^th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020) in China. Original articles published between January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2021 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, the China National Knowledge Internet Database and Wanfang Database. Random- or fixed-effects models were used to pool effect estimates where appropriate. Of 8558 records identified, 145 met the full eligibility criteria. A 10 µg/m³ increase in short-term PM_2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increases of 0.70%, 0.86%, 0.38% and 0.96% in cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and respiratory morbidity, respectively. The specific diseases with significant associations included stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and allergic rhinitis. The pooled estimates per 10 µg/m³ increase in long-term PM_2.5 exposure were 15.1%, 11.9% and 21.0% increases in cardiovascular, stroke and lung cancer mortality, and 17.4%, 11.0% and 4.88% increases in cardiovascular, hypertension and lung cancer incidence respectively. Adverse changes in blood pressure, heart rate variability, systemic inflammation, blood lipids, lung function and airway inflammation were observed for either short-term or long-term PM_2.5 exposure, or both. Collectively, we summarized representative exposure-response relationships between short- and long-term PM_2.5 exposure and a wide range of cardiorespiratory outcomes applicable to China. The magnitudes of estimates were generally smaller in short-term associations and comparable in long-term associations compared with those in developed countries. Our findings are helpful for future standard revisions and policy formulation. There are still some notable gaps that merit further investigation in China.     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

挺水植物对城市河流中典型污水印记药物的去除

以AZM（阿奇霉素）、STZ（磺胺噻唑）、IBU（布洛芬）、DCF（双氯芬酸）、PRC（扑热息痛）、ATL（阿替洛尔）、CLF（氯贝酸）、CBM（卡马西平）和CAF（咖啡因）共9种WWMPs（wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals,污水印记药物）为目标物,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测方法,通过室内河流模拟系统,研究3种挺水植物组合（旱伞草+灯芯草、菖蒲+灯芯草、旱伞草+菖蒲）的人工生态系统在不同介质（水相、泥相、水生植物）中WWMPs的变化特性及对常规污染物（如COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TP、TN）的去除效果,并运用物料衡算等手段计算目标物的实际去除率.结果表明:3种挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对4种常规污染物的去除效果较为明显,COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TP、TN去除率范围分别为39.7%~47.8%、88.2%~99.4%、39.1%~58.1%和49.1%~58.5%;与无植物系统相比,挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对水相中药物有明显的去除效果,尤其是对CBM、IBU和DCF,最大去除率均在54.0%以上;旱伞草+菖蒲组合的人工生态系统对水相中CAF、CBM、CLF、DCF、IBU和STZ的去除效果较好,去除率为51.6%~87.7%;3种挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对泥相中WWMPs的去除效果大小依次为菖蒲+灯芯草>旱伞草+菖蒲>旱伞草+灯芯草;不同挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对WWMPs的富集特性不同,9种WWMPs吸收效果大小依次为CBM > CLF > CAF > IBU > DCF > ATL > PRC > AZM > STZ;3种挺水植物组合的人工生态系统对WWMPs的实际总去除率大小依次为菖蒲+灯芯草>旱伞草+菖蒲>旱伞草+灯芯草.研究显示,挺水植物组合的人工生态系统可以有效地去除城市河流中WWMPs及常规污染物,能作为净化水质、改善城市河流水环境的一种有效手段.      

活性污泥及其与秸秆共基质的厌氧消化特性

为分析秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温[（35±1）℃]条件下,研究了活性污泥单基质及其与秸秆共基质在SRT（固体停留时间）分别为10和15 d,以及C/N（质量比）分别为5.5:1、10.0:1的情况下,厌氧消化产沼气量及其组分、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Cr）及ρ（VFA）[以ρ（乙酸）计,其中VFA为挥发性短链脂肪酸]的变化特性.结果表明:活性污泥-秸秆共基质厌氧消化在SRT为10、15 d时,累积沼气产量为5 818.0、9 026.0 mL,比活性污泥单基质的沼气产量（4 930.0、7 760.0 mL）分别提高了15.3%、14.0%;共基质所产沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为69.3%,比活性污泥单基质高出15.4%.此外,在SRT为10和15 d时,活性污泥-秸秆共基质厌氧消化COD_Cr去除率分别为25.0%和28.0%,优于单基质的10.2%和13.1%;共基质平均ρ（NH₄+-N）分别为278.5和254.9 mg/L,单基质平均ρ（NH₄+-N）分别为215.6和213.5 mg/L;活性污泥-秸秆共基质平均ρ（TP）分别为168.6和175.9 mg/L,高于活性污泥单基质的129.2和152.2 mg/L.共基质有利于厌氧消化液中有机物的提高,从而增加ρ（VFA）、提高甲烷产量.研究显示,共基质可优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,促进厌氧消化反应,提高产气量.      

城市河流中WWMPs的迁移转化试验

为研究城市河流中WWMPs（污水印记药物）的迁移转化行为,以13种典型WWMPs[AZM（阿奇霉素）、CLM（克拉霉素）、STZ（磺胺噻唑）、TMP（甲氧苄啶）、ATL（阿替洛尔）、PNL（普萘洛尔）、DCF（双氯芬酸）、CLF（氯贝酸）、IBU（布洛芬）、CBM（卡马西平）、CAF（咖啡因）、PRC（扑热息痛）和TCS（三氯生）]为目标物,通过生物降解试验、吸附试验及光降解试验分析目标物主要的迁移转化机理.结果表明,AZM、CLM、PRC的降解主要是生物作用,不灭菌且有氧条件下的降解率分别可达90%、95%、100%.沉积物对CBM的吸附作用明显,但其难以被水解和生物降解,而且其吸附和解吸是一个相对平衡的过程,导致CBM能够稳定存在.ATL、STZ、PRC和TMP这4种亲水性化合物不易被沉积物吸附,其余9种属疏水性化合物的吸附能力取决于其K_OW（辛醇-水分配系数）.此外,光降解试验表明,在实际环境中,很多目标物受颗粒物和光敏剂的影响,不易发生直接光降解,TMP、DCF、PNL、CAF和TCS容易发生光降解作用,其在光照和避光的条件下降解率分别为20%和10%、58%和25%、22%和5%、20%和2%、30%和5%.研究显示,城市河流中的WWMPs在生物降解、吸附和光降解共同作用下有明显的降解效果.      

Evaluation of risk and cost using an age-dependent unavailability modelling of test and maintenance for standby components

The improvement of safety in the process industries is related to assessment and reduction of risk in a cost-effective manner. This paper addresses the trade-off between risk and cost related to standby safety systems. An age-dependent unavailability model that integrates the effects of the test and maintenance (T&M) activities as well as component ageing is developed and represents the basis for calculating risk. The repair “same-as-new” process is considered regarding the T&M activities. Costs are expressed as a function of the selected risk measure. The time-averaged function of the selected risk measure is obtained from probabilistic safety assessment, i.e. the fault tree analysis. This function is further extended with inclusion of additional parameters related to T&M activities as well as ageing parameters related to component ageing. In that sense, a new model of system unavailability, incorporating component ageing and T&M costs, is presented. The testing strategy is also addressed. Sequential and staggered testings are compared. The developed approach is applied on a standard safety system in nuclear power plant although the method is applicable to standby safety systems that are tested and maintained in other industries as well. The results show that the risk-informed surveillance requirements differ from existing ones in technical specifications, which are deterministically based. Moreover, the presented approach achieves a significant reduction in system unavailability over a relatively small increase of total T&M costs.     

麦饭石吸附氨氮应用研究

主要研究麦饭石应用于吸附氨氮.采用静态吸附法测定麦饭石的吸附离子交换等温线,考察其吸附氨氮的规律,讨论溶液pH值和高温焙烧麦饭石对其吸附氨氮的影响,提出应用不同的溶液浸泡改性天然麦饭石,从而强化其对氨氮的吸附.研究结果表明,麦饭石对氨氮吸附主要由它的活性位和可交换离子决定,其吸附规律可以采用Freundlich等温方程...     

溶解性有机物(DOM)与区域土地利用的关系:基于三维荧光-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)

溶解性有机物（DOM）是水体质量的综合性指标,反映了流域内经济发展和治理保护等多方面因素,可为流域水体保护提供依据.本研究采集了宁波市4个不同城市化程度的区域内的河流样本,运用三维荧光结合平行因子分析法（EEM-PARAFAC）对水体中DOM进行解析,探讨了区域土地利用与DOM的关系.结果表明城市化在含量和组成两方面影响了流域水体中DOM的特征.城市区域（DOC=3.18 mg·L^-1）和城乡结合区域（DOC=7.45 mg·L^-1）水体中DOM的浓度远高于城市化程度较低的农村区域（DOC为2.16~2.62 mg·L^-1,ANOVA,P<0.001）.EEM-PARAFAC解析得到7个荧光组分,主要可归为类腐殖质和类蛋白质类物质.其中,城市区域DOM以类腐殖质物质为主,占比达到61.3%;而城乡结合区域由于受到更多的生活污水排放影响,类蛋白质物质的比例最高为59.4%;相比之下,农村区域虽然DOM浓度相对较低,但类腐殖质物质占比达63.6%~65.7%,面源污染是主要原因.主成分分析表明城市化发展对水质具有重要影响,在城市化初期污染主要来源于生活和工业污染源,当城市化到一定水平污染物更多来源于路面径流.本研究表明EEM-PARAFAC可以半定量辨析水体污染源,可为不同的区域水质恢复与治水策略制定提供针对性数据支撑.     

四斗朱水库蓝藻水华爆发成因分析及治理对策研究

作为饮用水源的小型水库四斗朱连续几年在早春即开始爆发严重束丝藻水华（属于蓝藻）。水质分析发现,四斗朱水库的水质参数如总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH4^＋-N）以及BOD和COD浓度并不高,但明显高于其上游的石门塘水库,这说明在四斗朱水库的集水区存在污染源。本文分析了在低营养盐浓度情况下四斗朱水库蓝藻水华爆发的原因,认为由于集水区内的农业、生活、水土淋失以及自然沉降等途径导致水库营养浓度升高。并由于未知营养、气温回升以及水库生态系统失衡等因素,导致蓝藻水华暴发。最后,提出了相应的综合治理对策。     

珠江口水域中华白海豚微量元素含量分析

对珠江口水域12头中华白海豚体内10种微量元素(As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg)的含量进行测量.分析结果显示:受试样品中Zn元素含量最高,Cu、Hg次之,Co、Cr、Ni含量最低;肝脏和肾脏中微量元素含量较高,其余各组织器官中的分布不尽相同.分析认为珠江口水域中华白海豚受到一定程度的As、Hg、Cd、Pb污染.