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71.
To suppress the coagulation of humic acid (HA) in aqueous solutions, HA was modified with hydrophilic amines, such as glucosamine or taurine. These amines were attached to carboxyl groups in HA via amide bond formation. The degree of modification (R(m)) was estimated to be 21-38%. Infrared spectra of the modified HAs were also consistent with the presence of amide bonds. Acid-base titration showed that the average acid-dissociation constant (pK(app)) of the HA samples was increased by the modification. The Ca(2+) binding capacity of HA decreased with an increase in R(m) value. Critical pH or Ca(2+) concentration, at which HA coagulation occurs, was increased as the result of the modification. These critical points for taurine-HA were higher than those for glucosamine-HA. This is mainly due to electrostatic repulsion by sulfonate groups in taurine. These results indicate that the coagulation of HA is suppressed by modifying the molecules with glucosamine or taurine. 相似文献
72.
Electrical and electronic waste management in China: progress and the barriers to overcome. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Serious adverse impacts on the environment and human health from e-waste recycling have occurred in the past and continue to occur in China today, due to a lack of national management strategies. China has made great efforts to face the challenges of the approaching peak increase in the domestic generation of e-waste and the illegal shipment of e-waste from other countries. This study examined recent progress and analysed the main problems associated with this issue in China. It was found that the material and the financial flows of e-waste in China had their own specific characteristics. Nearly 60% of the generated e-wastes were sold to private individual collectors and passed into informal recycling processes. More than 90% of Chinese citizens are reluctant to pay for the recycling of their e-waste. This is due to their traditional understanding that there remained value in these end-of-life products. Regulations concerning e-waste in China have been drafted but their deficiencies are obvious. The extended producer responsibilities (EPR) have been introduced but are not well defined. Eight formal facilities have been planned and are under construction or are in operation along the eastern coast of China but it will be difficult for them to compete with the informal processes for the reasons identified during the study. 相似文献
73.
Donald J Wilson Ken Takahashi Derek R Smith Masako Yoshino Chieko Tanaka Jukka Takala 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2006,12(3):255-266
The present study was conducted to analyze the ratification status of International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions related to occupational safety and health (OSH) by ILO member states in terms of national indicators (length of ILO membership and national income status) and regional affiliation. 17 conventions designated as OSH-related by the 2003 International Labour Conference were examined. In general, countries with longer ILO membership ratified higher numbers of conventions related to OSH. With some variation, long-membership countries had the largest number of ratifications, followed by middle- and short-membership countries in all regions. There were also incremental increases in the number of ratifications for OSH-related conventions according to the national income status. Common regional characteristics that could not be explained by the factors studied also existed. Future efforts to increase ratification at an international level will need to consider the factors influencing ratification practice among the member states. 相似文献
74.
Kato Hirokazu Hayashi Yoshitsugu Tanaka Kosuke 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(3):281-291
In the transport sector, few projects applied Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint Implementation (JI) projects. This
study will examine the feasibility of applying CDM to the transport sector from viewpoints of validation of processes and
funding. A number of greenhouse gas emission reduction projects, as well as traffic management project within existing transport
infrastructures, can be implemented as CDM projects. New transport infrastructure projects can be validated by transportdemand
forecasting and traffic simulation methods, though application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Intelligent Transport Systems
(ITS) technologies.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
75.
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77.
Ngo Thanh Huy Van Dieu-Anh Tran Hoai Le Nakada Norihide Tanaka Hiroaki Huynh Trung Hai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(10):12082-12091
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study evaluated the occurrence of PPCPs in Cau River (Vietnam). Surface water and sediment samples were collected to determine PPCP... 相似文献
78.
Tony Svejcar Chad Boyd Kirk Davies Matthew Madsen Jon Bates Roger Sheley Clayton Marlow David Bohnert Mike Borman Ricardo Mata-Gonzàlez John Buckhouse Tamzen Stringham Barry Perryman Sherman Swanson Kenneth Tate Mel George George Ruyle Bruce Roundy Chris Call Kevin Jensen Karen Launchbaugh Amanda Gearhart Lance Vermeire John Tanaka Justin Derner Gary Frasier Kris Havstad 《Environmental management》2014,53(6):1035-1038
In a previous article, Beschta et al. (Environ Manag 51(2):474–491, 2013) argue that grazing by large ungulates (both native and domestic) should be eliminated or greatly reduced on western public lands to reduce potential climate change impacts. The authors did not present a balanced synthesis of the scientific literature, and their publication is more of an opinion article. Their conclusions do not reflect the complexities associated with herbivore grazing. Because grazing is a complex ecological process, synthesis of the scientific literature can be a challenge. Legacy effects of uncontrolled grazing during the homestead era further complicate analysis of current grazing impacts. Interactions of climate change and grazing will depend on the specific situation. For example, increasing atmospheric CO2 and temperatures may increase accumulation of fine fuels (primarily grasses) and thus increase wildfire risk. Prescribed grazing by livestock is one of the few management tools available for reducing fine fuel accumulation. While there are certainly points on the landscape where herbivore impacts can be identified, there are also vast grazed areas where impacts are minimal. Broad scale reduction of domestic and wild herbivores to help native plant communities cope with climate change will be unnecessary because over the past 20–50 years land managers have actively sought to bring populations of native and domestic herbivores in balance with the potential of vegetation and soils. To cope with a changing climate, land managers will need access to all available vegetation management tools, including grazing. 相似文献
79.
In the present study, we demonstrate an integrated modeling approach for predicting internal tissue concentrations of chemicals
by coupling a multimedia environmental model and a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. A case study
was designed for a region situated on the Seine river watershed, downstream of the Paris megacity, and for benzo(a)pyrene
emitted from industrial zones in the region. In this case study, these two models are linked only by water intake from riverine
system for the multimedia model into human body for the PBPK model. The limited monitoring data sets of B(a)P concentrations
in bottom sediment and in raw river water, obtained at the downstream of Paris, were used to re-construct long-term daily
concentrations of B(a)P in river water. The re-construction of long-term series of B(a)P level played a key role for the intermediate
model calibration (conducted in multimedia model) and thus for improving model input to PBPK model. In order to take into
account the parametric uncertainty in the model inputs, some input parameters relevant for the multimedia model were given
by probability density functions (PDFs); some generic PDFs were updated with site-specific measurements by a Bayesian approach.
The results of this study showed that the multimedia model fits well with actual annual measurements in sediments over one
decade. No accumulation of B(a)P in the organs was observed. In conclusion, this case study demonstrated the feasibility of
a full-chain assessment combining multimedia environmental predictions and PBPK modeling, including uncertainty and sensitivity
analyses. 相似文献
80.
Satoshi Nakai Anri Yamamura Shou Tanaka Jianghong Shi Megumi Nishikawa Yutaka Nakashimada Masaaki Hosomi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(1):1-6
In recent years, natural and synthetic estrogens have been recognized as endocrine disruptors in aquatic organisms. Although
natural and synthetic estrogens are known to be degraded by microbes, only limited information about their degradation pathways
is available. Here, we studied the degradation pathways of a natural estrogen, 17β-estradiol, by the nitrifying microorganism
Nitrosomonas europaea, and we determined whether the degradation products of 17β-estradiol had estrogenic activity. To identify the degradation
products, we subjected the culture solution to solid-phase extraction, and the extract was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry. The potential estrogenic activity of the degradation products was investigated by means of a yeast two-hybrid
assay. 1,3,5(10),16-Estratetraen-3-ol (estratetraenol) was newly identified as a degradation intermediate produced by dehydration
of 17β-estradiol. Estratetraenol was also degraded by N. europaea, and its degradation rate was faster than that of 17β-estradiol. The two-hybrid assay confirmed that estratetraenol acted
as a ligand for the estrogen receptor; estratetraenol thus has potential estrogenic activity. N. europaea eliminated the estrogenic activity derived from 17β-estradiol. This paper is the first to report dehydration as a mechanism
of microbial estrogen degradation. 相似文献