Adaptive management: Promises and pitfalls

Proponents of the scientific adaptive management approach argue that it increases knowledge acquisition rates, enhances information flow among policy actors, and provides opportunities for creating shared understandings. However, evidence from efforts to implement the approach in New Brunswick, British Columbia, Canada, and the Columbia River Basin indicates that these promises have not been met. The data show that scientific adaptive management relies excessively on the use of linear systems models, discounts nonscientific forms of knowledge, and pays inadequate attention to policy processes that promote the development of shared understandings among diverse stakeholders. To be effective, new adaptive management efforts will need to incorporate knowledge from multiple sources, make use of multiple systems models, and support new forms of cooperation among stakeholders.     

建筑火灾区域模拟竖孔流动的计算

本文根据建筑火灾双层区域模拟思想，给出其常微分控制方程组，并分析了其压力求解方法，然后，运用伯努力利方程推导了相邻房间通过矩形竖孔（门或窗）的质量流率计算公式，还讨论了竖孔流动中性面产生条件。在此基础上，结合一两房间、两孔建筑中烟气运动实例，运用Ｃ．Ｗ．Ｇｅａｒ刚性稳定算法对火灾发展及烟气流动过程进行了数值模拟；给出各竖孔中性面位置、数量和各主环境之间通过竖孔的质量流率；还给出各房间气体平均温升、     

Accidents and risk control

A framework for transformation of knowledge and experience from risk analysis to emergency education is presented. An accident model was developed built on the concept “uncontrolled flow of energy (UFOE)”, where essential elements are the state, location and movement of the energy. A UFOE can be considered as the driving force of an accident, e.g. an explosion, a release of heavy gases. A domain model has been developed for representing emergencies occurring in society. A domain is a group of activities with allied goals and elements, and the domain model uses three main categories: status, context and objectives. Ten specific domains have been investigated including process plant, energy production and distribution, natural disasters and different sorts of transport. Totally 25 accident cases were consulted and information was extracted for filling into the schematic representations with two to four cases pr. specific domain.     

高层建筑楼梯间正压送风方式的浅析

本文对建筑防火设计中正压我系统的系统设计和送风方式进行了详尽的阐述。文章中列举了封闭楼梯间和防烟楼梯间的送风量计算方法，并针对目前两种主要送风方式，即点送风与竖井送风方式的特点，从理论上分析点风方式的应用前景。作者们还对北京西苑饭店主楼和北京新世纪饭店主楼等高层和超高层的大型建筑进行两种不同方式的楼梯间正压送风试验，进行了点式送风方式和竖井送风方式的对比试验，精确地测量了点式送风方式下的楼梯间正奔     

热混合层中温度脉动的分形特性

运用计盒维数方法对测量热混合层所得到的温度脉动时间系列信号进行了详细研究，对等温界面（ｉｓｏｔｈｅｒｍｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ）截取时间点集合的分形维数Ｄ＝ｌｏｇ（Ｎ（ｒ））／ｌｏｇｒ在一定的尺度范围内进行了估算，界面阀值温度范围为Ｔ±１．５Ｔ′（Ｔ，Ｔ′为测量点的平均温度和脉动温度），发现对同一热混合层垂直面的不同测量点存在相同的Ｄ＝０．３５±０．０８     

喷射溶气回流浮选工艺处理含油废水

采用喷射溶气回流浮选工艺处理含油废水，替代原来的全加压溶气浮选工艺，提高了浮选过程的处理效果，增强了系统的抗负荷冲击能力，浮选出水油含量由原来的〈４０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至〈２０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤ由原来的〈１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至〈１１０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

事故树定量分析与安全指标的数学模型的建立

阐述了在该课题研究过程中，提出的一些新概念、新定义和新方法     

Progress toward remediation of the Sydney Tar Ponds: A major Canadian PCB/PAH “superfund” site

The Muggah Creek estuary in Sydney, Nova Scotia, received liquid and solid wastes from a steel mill and its associated coke ovens for approximately 100 years. This resulted in pollution of soils and sediments with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals, and other pollutants, including those in untreated domestic wastewaters. The Canadian federal and Nova Scotia provincial governments organized the Sydney Tar Ponds Agency (STPA) to develop a remediation approach for the Coke Ovens site soils and Sydney Tar Ponds sediments. The STPA developed a remediation approach for the Sydney Tar Ponds sediments, involving solidification/stabilization (S/S) through mixing cement and other materials into the sediments, and then capping them as a waste pile. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic sheeting vertical barriers are proposed to be used to divert groundwater and surface water from entering into the S/S‐treated sediments and to collect any water and associated pollutants released from the S/S‐treated sediments. The Coke Ovens site soils are proposed to be landfarmed to reduce some of the PAHs and other pollutants and then capped with a layer of soil. This remediation program is estimated to cost on the order of $400 million (CAN). This article presents a review of the significant potential problems with the STPA proposed remediation strategy of the Sydney Tar Ponds sediments and Coke Ovens site soils. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

关于沥青烟尘治理的工业安全与卫生评价

炭阳极生产过程存在着严重的环境污染问题 ,在诸多污染物中沥青烟尘对人类生存的危害最大 ,是企业和政府强化治理的重点。笔者结合某铝厂的技术改造工程 ,对沥青烟尘的治理加以讨论 ,将先进的生产工艺和成熟可靠的净化技术作为治理污染源的有效措施 ,以保证污染物的排放量达到国家标准要求。在技改过程中 ,严格按照所涉及的安全生产规程和标准 ,把它们作为技术改造设计原则、安全防范措施、工业卫生评价的依据。     

城市可降解生活垃圾的生物综合处理模式初探

针对现有城市生活垃圾处理方式的不足,结合垃圾生物处理特点,设计了集混合菌群降解、生物过滤除臭、污水回用及植被绿化于一体的立体处理体系。结果表明,该系统在城市生活垃圾的“三化”处理中具有显著的潜势:既使生活垃圾在食物链外形成安全的闭路循环,防止有害物质向人居环境入渗;同时,处理设施的立体化、终产物的生物转化以及即刻的市场效应,有效地增强了系统的消纳能力,缓解了传统处理方式对城市空间的压力。该系统对我国中小城市生活垃圾的综合利用具有积极的参考价值。