铝合金的实验室盐雾试验腐蚀行为图像特征提取

目的提取铝合金材料在盐雾箱试验中可以表征腐蚀程度的表面形貌图像特征量。方法首先,对采集于表面化学清洗过的试样原始图像进行图像增强等预处理,突出腐蚀部位;其次,基于数字图像处理的分形和小波分解方法提取出分形维数和小波能量特征值。结果与以质量损失量为基础的腐蚀深度特征值进行相关性对比,基于图像分析的特征提取法的准确度和精度比较高。结论该方法可以应用于对试样的腐蚀程度进行定性和定量分析,判断并预测试样的腐蚀速度。     

印制电路板海洋环境试验与实验室环境试验相关性研究

目的研究机载电子设备印制电路板西沙海洋大气环境与实验室环境试验的相关性。方法在西沙海域环境下开展两种印制电路板的棚下暴露试验,暴晒试验时间为3年,同时在实验室开展盐雾试验,分别通过测试绝缘电阻、品质因数研究两种试验环境的相关性。结果将以绝缘电阻、品质因数为基准相关性评价结果进行平均,得出印制电路板实验室加速试验和自然暴露试验存在着强相关。两种样品的加速系数分别是3.5,5.15。结论建立了印制电路板在西沙海洋环境试验和实验室盐雾环境试验的相关性,可为后续西沙环境试验的加速处理提供依据。     

等离子体处理的时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料耐湿热性能的影响

目的考察等离子体处理前后及其时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料弯曲强度、界面性能及耐湿热性能的影响。方法用低温射频耦合等离子体处理芳纶纤维表面,分别将未处理的、等离子体刚处理过的和等离子体处理后在空气中放置三天后的纤维通过溶液预浸渍工艺制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料预浸料,再经过高温模压成形技术制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料单向板。采用万能材料试验机对水煮前后复合材料的弯曲强度和层间剪切强度进行测试,利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料层间剪切破坏形貌进行观察。结果等离子体处理后,复合材料的吸水率由未处理时的0.51%下降到0.33%,复合材料层间剪切强度由49.4 MPa提高到62.9 MPa。等离子体处理时效后复合材料的吸水率增加到0.69%,复合材料的层间剪切强度下降到56.0 MPa。结论等离子体处理提高了复合材料界面性能,但等离子体处理的时效后,复合材料的界面性能及其耐湿热性能有所下降。等离子体处理及时效性对复合材料的弯曲强度和耐湿热性能变化不大。     

FRP加固金属结构技术应用研究进展

从FRP加固金属结构设计研究、界面性能研究、工艺研究、耐久性研究等4个方面回顾了FRP加固金属结构技术的发展历程。探讨了FRP加固技术的优势,总结了现阶段FRP修复技术取得的成就和现阶段发展存在的不足。最后,对未来FRP修复技术的发展做了总结。可以预见,随着高性能FRP的不断研制成功以及研究的深入,FRP修复技术必将得到更广泛的应用。     

环境升温过程对常温固化环氧树脂热力学性能的影响

目的提高常温固化环氧树脂体系的高温使用性能。方法采用常温固化剂T31、中温固化剂IPDA以及高温固化剂DDM作为混合固化剂,对E-44型和AG-80型混合环氧树脂体系进行常温固化反应,并分析环境升温过程对固化物热力学性能的影响。通过DMA分析、热变形测量、固化度测试,分别评价室温固化环氧树脂在环境升温过程前后的玻璃化转变温度、热变形量及体系内部的固化反应程度变化,并通过吸水率测试和弯曲强度测试对玻璃纤维布增强常温固化环氧树脂基复合材料的耐湿热性能以及高温条件下的力学性能进行分析。结果环氧树脂常温固化物的tg为85.21℃,经1.5℃/min的平均升温速率加热至90℃之后,该环境升温过程使固化物的固化度增大至92%以上,tg增长为132.06℃的同时热变形温度增大。其复合材料耐湿热性能提高,且100℃时弯曲强度的保持率为65%,对于加热至120℃的环境升温过程,固化物的固化度接近96%,tg增长为144.45℃的同时热变形温度进一步提高,其复合材料耐湿热性能改善程度更加明显,且130℃时弯曲强度保持率仍接近60%。结论常温、中温、高温混合固化剂的合理复配有助于环氧树脂体系在环境升温变化的诱导条件下发生梯度式固化反应,使体系内部的交联固化程度迅速升至较高水平,可以有效提高其玻璃化转变温度,显著改善常温固化环氧树脂体系在高温条件下的热力学性能。     

石化特种设备管理现状及风险控制对策

为加强特种设备管理,提高风险控制水平,对中国特种设备的管理法规标准体系、中国石化特种设备管理现状及存在的问题,进行了讨论和思考,并提出了石化特种设备风险控制对策。     

A view from the countryside

Guest Editorial

A view from the countryside     

Guppies and the TIT FOR TAT strategy: preference based on past interaction

Summary The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associate past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the more cooperative among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters. Offprint requests to: L.A. Dugatkin     

A study on the interactions among several plant secondary compounds and aphids

The research, focused on the specific interactions among seven plant secondary compounds and aphids, was carried out and the preliminary results showed: (1) "T-typed tube method" was regarded as the best method compared with others designed to observe the interactions. (2) Cabbage aphid was able to be attracted by laurolene while it was not susceptible to α-pinene, β-pinene and diamylene. (3) Gossypol, a major secondary substance in cotton, was able to be implicated as feeding attractant to cotton aphid. (4) Rutin might be implicated repellent to cotton aphid.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the polyamine levels of field-grown soybean at three O3 regimes

Effects of increased ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) on polyamine levels were determined in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Clark) grown in open-top field chambers. The chamber treatments consisted of three O3 regimes equal to charcoal filtered (CF), non-filtered (NF), and non-filtered plus 40 nl litre(-1) O3 and CO2 treatments equal to 350, 400 and 500 microl litre(-1) for a total of nine treatments. Leaf samples were taken at three different times during the growing season. Examination of growth and physiological characteristics, such as photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, and shoot weight, revealed that increasing CO2 ameliorated the deleterious effects of increased O3. Results from the initial harvest, at the pre-flowering growth stage (23 days of treatment), showed that increasing O3 at ambient CO2 caused increases in putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) of up to six-fold. These effects were lessened with increased CO2. Elevated CO2 increased polyamines in plants treated with CF air, but had no effect in the presence of ambient or enhanced O3 levels. Leaves harvested during peak flowering (37 days of treatment) showed O3-induced increases in Put and Spd at ambient CO2 concentrations. However, increased CO2 levels inhibited this response by blocking the O3-induced polyamine increase. Leaves harvested during the pod fill stage (57 days of treatment) showed no significant O3 or CO2 effects on polyamine levels. Our results demonstrate that current ambient O3 levels induce the accumulation of Put and Spd early in the growing season and that further increases in O3 could result in even greater polyamine increases. These results are consistent with a possible antiozonant function for polyamines. The ability of increased CO2 to protect soybeans from O3 damage, however, does not appear to involve polyamine accumulation.