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151.
Assessment of bioavailable PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in water, using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), sediments and caged carp 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were assessed at several freshwater sites in and around the city of Amsterdam. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were caged for 4 weeks at 10 sites, together with semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). In addition, sediment samples were taken at each site. SPMDs and sediments were analysed for PAHs, PCBs and OCPs. Carp muscle tissues were analysed for PCBs and OCP, while PAH metabolites were assessed in fish bile. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase were estimated using three different methods: 1. Using fish tissue concentrations and literature bioconcentration factors (BCFs), 2. Using SPMD levels and a kinetic SPMD uptake model, and 3. Using sediment levels and literature sorption coefficients (Kocs). Since PAH accumulation in fish is not considered an accurate indicator of PAH exposure, calculated aqueous PAH concentrations from SPMD data were compared with semiquantitatively determined biliary PAH metabolite levels. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase estimated with fish data (Cwfish) and SPMD data (Cwspmd) were more in line for compounds with lower Kow than for compounds with higher Kow values. This indicates that the assumption of fish–water sorption equilibrium was not valid. At most sites, sediment-based water levels (Cwsed) were comparable with the Cwspmd, although large differences were observed at certain sites. A significant correlation was observed between biliary PAH metabolite levels in fish and aqueous PAH concentrations estimated with SPMD data, suggesting that both methods may be accurate indicators of PAH exposure in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
152.
Kathi?A.?LefebvreEmail author Nancy?E.?Elder Paul?K.?Hershberger Vera?L.?Trainer Carla?M.?Stehr Nathaniel?L.?Scholz 《Marine Biology》2005,147(6):1393-1402
Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) spawning sites in Puget Sound, Washington overlap spatially and temporally with blooms of Alexandrium catenella, a toxic dinoflagellate species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning. Consequently, newly hatched herring larvae
may be regularly exposed to the suite of dissolved paralytic shellfish toxins that are released into the water column from
toxic cells during blooms. To date, virtually nothing is known about the impacts of these neurotoxins on early developmental
stages of marine fish. In the present study, herring larvae at three ages, 0 days post hatch (dph), 4 dph, and 11 dph, were
exposed to dissolved saxitoxin (STX) in 24-h and multi-day exposures. All larvae were examined for sensorimotor function (i.e.
spontaneous swimming behavior and touch response). Significant reductions in spontaneous and touch-activated swimming behavior
occurred within 1 h of exposure. EC50s at 1 h of exposure were 1,500, 840, and 700 μg STX equiv. l−1 for larvae introduced to STX at 0, 4, and 11 dph, respectively. This progressive age-specific increase in STX-induced paralysis
suggests that older larvae were more sensitive to the toxin than younger larvae. Interestingly, herring larvae at all ages
exhibited a significant degree of neurobehavioral recovery within 4–24 h of continuous exposure relative to the 1-h time point.
This recovery of normal motor behaviors was not observed in previous studies with freshwater zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae under the same continuous exposure conditions, suggesting that an adaptive detoxification or toxin sequestration
mechanism may have evolved in some species of marine fish larvae. Our data reveal that (1) dissolved STX is bioavailable to
marine finfish larvae, (2) the toxin is a paralytic agent with potencies that differ between developmental stages, and (3)
STX-induced sensorimotor inhibition occurs rapidly but is transient in marine larvae. Collectively, these results suggest
that dissolved algal toxins may have important sublethal effects on marine fish populations. 相似文献
153.
Wilhelm-Günther Vahrson Frank Dreger Vera Luthardt 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(6):362-372
Für die Biosph?renreservate (BR) Schorfheide-Chorin und Spreewald (Land Brandenburg) wurde ein handlungsorientiertes, kostengünstiges,
arbeitsteiliges Konzept für die ?kosystemare Umweltbeobachtung (?UB) entwickelt, dessen methodische Entwicklung auch auf andere
Schutzgebiete übertragbar ist. Hierzu werden neben statistischen Auswertungen fl?chenhaft vorliegender Informationen auch
weitere Kriterien wie Naturn?he, Seltenheit und Ma?nahmenbezug durch das Einbringen von Expertenwissen systematisch genutzt,
um so die Besonderheiten und Eigenarten der beiden behandelten Gro?schutzgebiete zu erfassen und in gewissem Umfang zu wichten
und so gezielt auch Fragestellungen naturschutzfachlicher Relevanz nachzugehen. Nach einer Inventarisierung der vorhandenen
?kosysteme wurden auf der Basis der Auswahlkriterien
Der vorliegende Artikel stellt diese Fl?chenauswahl detailliert dar, Für beide Biosph?renreservate wurden so insgesamt 32
?kosystem-Nutzungskomplexe in W?ldern und Forsten, 32 in Mooren, 53 in Seen, 7 in Flie?gew?ssern, 23 auf mineralischem Grünland
sowie 20 auf Acker bzw. Gartenland ausgew?hlt, die die Biosph?renreservate repr?sentieren. 相似文献
I) | Dominanz |
II) | Seltenheit |
III) | Naturn?be bei fl?chenhafter Verbreitung sowie |
IV) | ma?nahmen- und prozessorientierte Beobachtung die zu beobachtenden ?kosysteme aus den ?kosystemgruppen W?lder/Forsten, Moore, Seen, Flie?gew?sser, Grünland und Acker ausgew?hlt und mit den jeweils relevanten Nutzungen zu ?kosystem-Nutzungskomplexen zusammengefasst. Diese spiegeln sowohl die natürliche Ausstattung der BR als auch die jeweiligen Nutzungsgradienten wider. |
154.
De Laender F De Schamphelaere KA Vanrolleghem PA Janssen CR 《Environment international》2008,34(3):390-396
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are statistical distributions which extrapolate single-species toxicity test results to ecosystem effects. This SSD approach assumes that ecological interactions between populations, such as grazing and competition, do not influence the sensitivity of ecosystems. The validity of this assumption in a simple freshwater pelagic ecosystem was tested using ecosystem modelling. For each of a 1000 hypothetical toxicants, a lognormal SSD was fitted to chronic single-species EC10s of the species present. As such, these distributions did not account for ecological interactions and were therefore termed 'conventional SSDs' (cSSDs). Next, sensitivity distributions that did take into account ecological interactions were constructed (eco-SSD) for the same 1000 toxicants, using an ecosystem model. For 254 of the 1000 hypothetical toxicants, mean and/or variance of the cSSD were significantly higher than mean and/or variance of the eco-SSD, as such rejecting the general validity of the tested assumption. A classification tree approach indicated that especially toxicants which directly affect phytoplankton (i.e. herbicides) may have a higher mean for cSSD than for eco-SSD. Conversely, means of eco-SSD and cSSD tend to be equal for toxicants directly affecting zooplankton and fish, e.g. insecticides. For the 254 hypothetical toxicants for which the tested assumption was false, a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) calculated as the lowest single-species EC10 divided by an application factor of 10 was on average a factor 10 lower than the corresponding ecosystem-NOEC calculated by the ecosystem model. 相似文献
155.
Vinsová H Jedináková-Krízová V Kolaríková I Adamcová J Prikryl R Zeman J 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(2):415-425
The effects of exposure to synthetic groundwater at elevated temperature gradients on the sorption properties of bentonite were investigated using the Mock-Up-Cz experiment. This experiment simulated the vertical placement of a container of radioactive waste according to the Swedish KBS-3 system for a period of more than 3 years. The mineralogical composition, as well as its chemical and physico-chemical properties, including the uptake of (99)TcO(4)(-) and (134)Cs(+), was used to evaluate the chemical changes caused by the long-term exposure of bentonite buffer to thermal and hydration gradients. It was found that the bentonite material was predominantly stable. No more than 2% of the montmorillonite was transformed due to thermal and moisture gradients. It was concluded that the new-formed mineral phases have no significant influence on the ion exchange and sorption properties of bulk bentonite samples. 相似文献
156.
Influence of soil texture on the distribution and availability of 238U, 230Th, and 226Ra in soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Blanco Rodríguez P Vera Tomé F Lozano JC Pérez-Fernández MA 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(8):1247-1254
The influence of soil texture on the distribution and availability of (238)U, (230)Th, and (226)Ra in soils was studied in soil samples collected at a rehabilitated uranium mine located in the Extremadura region in south-west Spain. The activity concentration (Bqkg(-1)) in the soils ranged from 60 to 750 for (238)U, from 60 to 260 for (230)Th, and from 70 to 330 for (226)Ra. The radionuclide distribution was determined in three soil fractions: coarse sand (0.5-2mm), medium-fine sand (0.067-0.5mm), and silt and clay (<0.067 mm). The relative mobility of the natural radionuclides in the different fractions was studied by comparison of the activity ratios between radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive series. The lability of these radionuclides in each fraction was also studied through selective extraction from the soils using a one-step sequential extraction scheme. Significant correlations were found for (238)U, (230)Th, and (226)Ra between the activity concentration per fraction and the total activity concentration in the bulk soil. Thus, from the determination of the activity concentration in the bulk soil, one could estimate the activity concentration in each fraction. Correlations were also found for (238)U and (226)Ra between the labile activity concentration in each fraction and the total activity concentration in bulk soil. Assuming that there is some particle-size fraction that predominates in the process of soil-to-plant transfer, the parameters obtained in this study should be used as correction factors for the transfer factors determined from the bulk soil in previous studies. 相似文献
157.
158.
Shin-ichi Sakai Junya Yano Yasuhiro Hirai Misuzu Asari Ritsuki Yanagawa Takeshi Matsuda Hideto Yoshida Tetsuji Yamada Natsuko Kajiwara Go Suzuki Tatsuya Kunisue Shin Takahashi Keijiro Tomoda Joachim Wuttke Paul Mählitz Vera Susanne Rotter Mario Grosso Thomas Fruergaard Astrup Julian Cleary Gil-Jong Oh Lili Liu Jinhui Li Hwong-wen Ma Ngo Kim Chi Stephen Moore 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(4):1295-1313
Although the 2Rs (reduce and reuse) are considered high-priority approaches, there has not been enough quantitative research on effective 2R management. The purpose of this paper is to provide information obtained through the International Workshop in Kyoto, Japan, on 11–13 November 2015, which included invited experts and researchers in several countries who were in charge of 3R policies, and an additional review of 245 previous studies. It was found that, regarding policy development, the decoupling between environmental pressures and economy growth was recognized as an essential step towards a sustainable society. 3R and resource management policies, including waste prevention, will play a crucial role. Approaches using material/substance flow analyses have become sophisticated enough to describe the fate of resources and/or hazardous substances based on human activity and the environment, including the final sink. Life-cycle assessment has also been developed to evaluate waste prevention activities. Regarding target products for waste prevention, food loss is one of the waste fractions with the highest priority because its countermeasures have significant upstream and downstream effects. Persistent organic pollutants and hazardous compounds should also be taken into account in the situation where recycling activities are globally widespread for the promotion of a material-cycling society. 相似文献
159.
Knook Jorie Dynes Robyn Pinxterhuis Ina de Klein Cecile A. M. Eory Vera Brander Matthew Moran Dominic 《Environmental management》2020,65(2):243-256
Environmental Management - Although the link between agriculture and diffuse water pollution has been understood for decades, there is still a need to implement effective measures to address this... 相似文献
160.
We review the available data that can be used to assess the potential impact of climate change on vegetation, and we use central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, as a model location for the High Arctic. We used two sources of information: recent and short-term historical records, which enable assessment on scales of particular plant communities and the landscape over a period of decades, and palynological and macrofossil analyses, which enable assessment on time scales of hundreds and thousands of years and on the spatial scale of the landscape. Both of these substitutes for standardized monitoring revealed stability of vegetation, which is probably attributable to the harsh conditions and the distance of the area from sources of diaspores of potential new incomers. The only evident recent vegetation changes related to climate change are associated with succession after glacial retreats. By establishing a network of permanent plots, researchers will be able to monitor immigration of new species from diversity 'hot spots' and from an abandoned settlement nearby. This will greatly enhance our ability to understand the effects of climate change on vegetation in the High Arctic. 相似文献