Influence of alumina coating on characteristics and effects of SiO2 nanoparticles in algal growth inhibition assays at various pH and organic matter contents

Silica nanoparticles (NPs) belong to the industrially most important NP types. In a previous study it was shown that amorphous SiO(2) NPs of 12.5 and 27.0 nm are stable in algal growth inhibition assays and that their ecotoxic effects are related to NP surface area. Here, it was hypothesized and demonstrated that an alumina coating completely alters the particle-particle, particle-test medium and particle-algae interactions of SiO(2) NPs. Therefore, stability and surface characteristics, dissolution, nutrient adsorption and effects on algal growth rate of both alumina coated SiO(2) NPs and bare SiO(2) NPs in OECD algal test medium as a function of pH (6.0-8.6) and natural organic matter (NOM) contents (0-12 mg C/l) were investigated. Alumina coated SiO(2) NPs aggregated in all media and adsorbed phosphate depending on pH and NOM concentration. On the other hand, no aggregation or nutrient adsorption was observed for the bare SiO(2) NPs. Due to their positive surface charge, alumina coated SiO(2) NPs agglomerated with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Consequently, algal cell density measurements based on cell counts were unreliable and hence fluorescent detection of extracted chlorophyll was the preferred method. Alumina coated SiO(2) NPs showed lower toxicity than bare SiO(2) NPs at concentrations ≥46 mg/l, except at pH 6.0. At low concentrations, no clear pH effect was observed for alumina coated SiO(2) NPs, while at higher concentrations phosphate deficiency could have contributed to the higher toxicity of those particles at pH 6.0-6.8 compared to higher pH values. Bare SiO(2) NPs were not toxic at pH 6.0 up to 220 mg/l. Addition of NOM decreased toxicity of both particles. For SiO(2) NPs the 48 h 20% effect concentration of 21.8 mg/l increased 2.6-21 fold and a linear relationship was observed between NOM concentration and effective concentrations. No effect was observed for alumina coated SiO(2) NPs in presence of NOM up to 1000 mg/l. All experiments point out that the alumina coating completely altered NP interactions. Due to the difference in surface composition the SiO(2) NPs, which had the smallest surface area, were more toxic to the alga than the alumina coated SiO(2) NPs. Hence, surface modification can dominate the effect of surface area on toxicity.     

工业土地利用与行业结构调整研究--基于昆山1400多家工业企业有效问卷的调查

以昆山市工业企业用地利用调查数据为依据。分析了现有昆山工业行业产业结构现状,并选取了6个相应的评价指标一在1414份问卷基础上,应用统计分析法,对所调查的工业内部不同17行业企业用地土地利用程度进行定量化评价。根据定量化评价结果并结合昆山市实际情况和有关的行业发展目标提出了产业调整和提高土地集约利用程度的途径与措施。     

欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目实施进展与启示

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为最有前景可有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,在世界范围内受到广泛推行,特别是欧洲,其作为全球CCS技术的先行者,一直在积极推进该项技术工业化进程.2009年,欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)启动欧洲能源复兴计划(European Energy Programme for Recovery,EEPR),正式批准资助6个全流程CCS示范项目.这6个CCS示范项目囊括了当前所有可行的CO2工业捕集技术,运输方式以及封存方法,本文将对其基本情况和最近进展进行介绍,并重点对欧盟层面的CCS法律法规与此6个项目所在欧盟成员国的CCS技术与政策环境的交互影响进行比对和分析,以进一步系统评述欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目带来的积极成果,包括达成减排目标和气候政策,建立欧洲CCS示范项目网络共享平台,获得CCS技术研发突破等,同时也详细列举了这些项目目前所面临的阻碍与困境,如相关法律政策缺乏执行力,融资困难,公众接受度低,技术成本高等.最后,试探讨欧盟能源复兴计划CCS全流程示范项目实施发展现状对我国未来CCS商业化走向的思索与启示.     

基于CGE模型的出口退税政策调整的减排效应研究

我国的出口贸易带来的直接和间接二氧化碳(CO2)排放量占全国CO2排放总量的比重已高达47.8%(2007年)。出口退税政策是调整出口贸易的重要措施,实施出口退税的减免政策可以实现CO2的减排。基于此,本文从行业的角度出发,首先利用投入产出技术选取了制造工业、钢铁工业、化学工业和纺织工业为目标减排部门,并以政策作用在四个目标部门以实现到2020年相同减排目标作为政策情景(M-S,F-S,C-S和T-S情景),利用可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)模拟不同政策情景对我国经济和社会的影响。研究结果表明:在相同减排水平下,无论从GDP指标还是从就业指标,或者从居民福利来看,对钢铁行业实施出口退税减免的政策情景均是这几个情景中的最优选择,政策效果最差的属纺织业情景。同时,各种政策情景均会使农村居民的福利损失更大,进一步拉大城乡差距,因此政策实施时应考虑配套措施以保护农村居民福利水平。     

用炼油厂废白土制备有机膨润土的研究(Ⅱ)──工艺优化及产品表征

对废白土提纯土制备有机膨润土的工艺条件进行了最优化实验研究,并通过红外光谱、X－衍射谱、热重差热谱、黏度和溶胀性的测定与美国有机膨润土进行比较,结果显示,用废白土提纯土合成的有机膨润土的各项技术指标与美国有机膨润土相当．     

二噁英类化合物的毒性作用机制及其生物检测方法

二噁英类化合物具有高毒性,来源多样且分布广泛,是持久性有机物的典型代表,二噁英类污染物及其对健康的危害已引起了公众的普遍关注。一些二噁英类同系物具有代谢稳定性,其毒性效应主要是通过芳香烃受体介导,而越来越多的研究表明二噁英类毒性作用机制的复杂性。在此背景下,综述了近些年在二噁英类毒性作用机制及其代谢途径的新认识,评价比较了主要二噁英类高通量生物检测方法,以期为该类污染物的环境污染物筛查和风险评估提供参考。     

An evaluation of fishery co-management experience in an Amazonian black-water river (Unini River,Amazon, Brazil)

We evaluated the implementation of a fishing agreement, which was created by negotiation among all users of the resources as a co-management strategy because its definition was a result of meetings between all users of the resources. The fishing agreement was implemented in Unini River, a tributary of the right bank of Negro River. Our approach was based on the perception of the people who live in that area, called ribeirinhos. The management strategy was based on spatial distribution of the different types of fishing. We used two logistic regression models to identify the variables which are important to determine the previous concordance and satisfaction with the agreement. First, we analyzed the initial effort to implement the agreement. The variable that influenced the decision of support for the agreement and satisfaction with the results of agreement in both models was the distance from the interviewee’s residence to the sport fishing area. The results showed that the perception of improvement in well-being of the communities and structured social organization are crucial for the success of the co-management strategy.     

The triple-bottom-line: framing of trade-offs in sustainability planning practice

Sustainability principles are at the forefront of regional planning. In Hawaii, the movement toward “sustainability” gave way to revisiting the State Plan. This paper uses a case study of the Hawaii 2050 Sustainability Plan (Hawaii 2050) to illustrate how adopting popular notions of sustainability, without critical examination of how the respective policy frames diverge or interrelate, can lead to “tautological traps.” In the case of Hawaii 2050, the “triple-bottom-line” (embedded within sustainable development) became the dominant sustainability frame during the solicitation of public input and was thus used to guide the planning discourse. The application of triple-bottom-line concepts at the level of policy and planning led to a process that polarized economic and environmental interests. While the goals of sustainable development and the use of triple-bottom-line concepts are useful for planners, we argue that they should be applied within the parameters of ecological sustainability in a US regional context, lest resulting plans continue to allow the momentum of development to override ecological concerns.     

中国各省区资源优势与经济优势比较研究

分析了中国31个省、直辖市、自治区包括水资源、耕地资源、森林资源、气候资源、能源资源和矿产资源在内的基础资源优势度。对非物质性的气候资源采用气候资源综合指数法予以评价。将绝对丰度和相对丰度进行线性加权以比较基础资源优势度。中国资源优势差异明显。云南、内蒙古、四川、新疆、黑龙江、贵州等省份资源优势明显,由于资源组合状况良好,云南省资源优势最明显。上海、天津、北京、江苏、海南、浙江等省市资源优势不明显,其中上海市最弱。对资源优势与经济优势进行了对比研究。经济优势较明显的省份资源优势往往并不好,而资源优势较明显的省份经济优势却很微弱。经济发展重心与资源赋存重心显著错位。经济优势不仅受资源分布的限制,同时还受到劳动力、资金、技术和市场等条件的影响。资源价值补偿机制不健全等也是造成这种错位的原因之一。最后提出资源丰富地区如何发挥资源优势,而经济较发达地区如何降低或解除资源约束的相关建议。     

关于耕地总量动态平衡的思考

中国是一个人多地少的国家，伴随着80年代经济高速增长而加剧的人地矛盾已经成为区域可持续发展面临的一个重要问题。本文以大量的数据分析了自耕地总量动态平衡实施以来的1999-2001年耕地数量和质量的变化，其中用播面单产和复种指数来度量耕地质量，得出了我国总体耕地质量下降的结论，指出仅仅从数量上实施耕地总量动态平衡，保证不了我国粮食安全的需要。并在此基础上提出了相关的建议。