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341.
342.
Guntram Koller Konrad Hungerbühler Karl Fent 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2000,7(3):135-143
A significant problem for effect assessment of aquatic ecosystems arises from the large ranges of toxicity data, which can
be found in different databases and literature. Here, ranges are given for the aquatic toxicity of 27 high production volume
chemicals. Based on these illustrative examples and on the current literature on uncertainty in aquatic effect assessment,
toxicity ranges are discussed for their possible causes (variation in experimental condition, species, endpoint, time) and
ways to handle them (safety factors). Implications and recommendations on the procedure of risk analysis of chemical substances
are drawn. Two main requirements for a comprehensive risk assessment are identified, which often play a minor role in current
practice (as they are often neglected) as well as in scientific discussion (as they are meant to be trivial). First, data
quality must be checked critically before applying any result of a toxicity test. Secondly, experimental data should take
into account different species and acute as well as chronic data. If these aspects are considered in risk analysis, which
is common practice in ecotoxicology but not always in the context of practical applications in risk engineering, a more comprehensive
picture of the environmental toxicity of a chemical substance can be obtained. 相似文献
343.
Rodrigo Navia Bárbara Fuentes María C Diez Karl E Lorber 《Waste management & research》2005,23(3):260-269
The volcanic soil of Southern Chile was tested for its heavy metal retention capacity. The maximum uptakes for CrO4(2-) (CrVI), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and Pb(2+) were determined to be 2.74, 5.32, 5.86 and 7.44 mg g(-1), respectively. At a slightly alkaline pH value (7.5), it seems that a precipitation-adsorption process was responsible for the Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) uptake onto volcanic soil. All the determined values are of the same order of magnitude as natural zeolites heavy metals adsorption capacities. In addition, the heavy metals diffusion model through a 1 m volcanic soil mineral liner shows breakthrough times of 21.6, 10.2 and 8.9 years, for Pb(2+), Zn(2+) and Cu(2+), respectively, confirming the trend obtained in the adsorption isotherms. The natural volcanic soil of Southern Chile is an interesting material for possible use as landfill mineral basal sealing. It has an appropriate sealing potential (average Kf value of 5.85 x 10(-9) m s(-1)) and a heavy metals retention capacity comparable with natural zeolites. About two-thirds of the agricultural land in Chile (approximately 0.4 million km2) is derived from volcanic ash, suggesting an important soil volume for future landfill projects, that could be obtained in sufficient quantities from urban building activities. 相似文献
344.
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346.
347.
Contributing to the debate on the causes of Himalayan environmental degradation, the status and management of four watersheds
in the Upper Pokhara Valley were studied using information available from land use analysis, household surveys conducted in
1989 and 1992, deliberations held with villagers, and field observations. Accordingly, areas under forests and grazing lands
were found being depleted at relatively high rates between 1957 and 1978 due mainly to the government policy of increasing
national revenue by expansion of agricultural lands, nationalization of forests, steadily growing population, and dwindling
household economy. Despite the steady growth of population, this process had remarkably slackened since 1978, owing primarily
to remaining forests being located in very, steep slopes and implementation of the community forestry program. Forests with
relatively sparase tree density, however, and grazing lands in the vicinity of settlements have been undergoing degradation
due to fuelwood and fodder collection and livestock grazing. In many instances, this is aggravated by weak resource management
institutions. Being particularly aware of the economic implication of land degradation, farmers have adopted assorted land
management practices. Still a substantial proportion ofbari lands in the hill slopes is vulnerable to accelerating degradation, as the arable cropping system is being practiced there
as well. The perpetuation of the local subsistence economy is certain to lead, to a further deterioration of the socioeconomic
and environmental conditions of watersheds. To facilitate environmental conservation and ecorestructuring for sustainable
development, a broad watershed management strategy is outlined with focus on alleviating pressure on natural resources. 相似文献
348.
Karl H.E. Kroemer 《Journal of Safety Research》1983,14(3):131-136
Body dimensions are main determiners of equipment dimensions. Design for the “average user” is not suitable. Selected percentile values at the lower and upper extremes of the variable distribution determine minimum and maximum equipment dimensions or adjustment ranges. Interactions among design variables must be considered. This paper applies this rationale to the determination of major equipment dimensions of video display terminal (VDT) workstations. While the approach is generally usable, the specific data describing the U.S. population used in this paper indicate design ranges appropriate for North America. Since American body dimensions are quite comparable to most European data, the equipment dimensions should also be suitable for use in Europe. 相似文献
349.
Karl Herrmann 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1958,45(5):111-112
350.
We explore the topic of restorative justice in organizations. The tradition of restorative justice directs attention to the aftermath of wrongdoing. We highlight three ways offenders (making amends), victims (extending forgiveness), and organizations (fostering reintegration) restore justice in the workplace. Our paper concludes with questions for future research and inquiry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献