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371.
Mycobacteria naturally aggregate in water, a characteristic that may serve to protect them against disinfection in wastewater. Secondary effluent was spiked with Mycobacterium terrae (M. terrae), sequentially filtered through 100-, 41-, and 20-microm nylon filters to partition aggregate sizes, confirmed using particle-size analysis and microscopy. Each sample was exposed to doses of UV light (10 to 60 mJ/cm2 at 254 nm) and free chlorine (27 to 150 mg-min/L at 4 degrees C). Inactivation of M. terrae in wastewater was initially rapid, with 2.5 log reduction at 14 mJ/cm2 and 56 mg-min/L for UV and free chlorine, respectively. However, in effluent and 100-microm filtered wastewater, spiked M. terrae was present to the highest doses evaluated. Interestingly, M. terrae passed through 41- and 20-microm filters were inactivated rapidly, with no survivors after moderate disinfection doses. Inactivation of Mycobacteria in wastewater may be compromised by aggregates larger than 41 microns. 相似文献
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We have demonstrated the use of Se as a tracer to quantitatively determine in situ SO4(2-) production from SO2 oxidation in clouds and fogs. Until now, it has not been possible to study the kinetics of SO2 oxidation because the aerosol sampling interval for Se determination was limited to 2 h or longer. Here we report results of 5-min aerosol measurements carried out at Lahore, Pakistan, during January 9-11, 2001, using new methodology for Se analysis coupled with hydride generation and ICP-MS detection. These improvements will enable the tracer technique to determine in situ SO4(2-) production in clouds and fogs on a time scale of several minutes and possibly 1 min. The method may prove useful for kinetic studies of in-cloud SO2 oxidation and in the study of other phenomena such as atmospheric mixing, cloud drop lifetimes, and aerosol formation that occur on the time scale of a few minutes. 相似文献
374.
The concentrations of selected pesticides, of some of their degradation products and nitrophenols in rain were measured at two stations in Denmark in the period January 2000-July 2001. Forty compounds were quantified at least at one station during at least one sampling period. Additionally 17 compounds could be detected but not quantified, and 22 compounds could not be detected at all. The highest depositions of pesticides were observed for pendimethalin and desethylterbuthylazine, which is a degradation product of terbuthylazine. The deposition of the nitrophenols 2,4-dinitrophenol, DNOC, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol was much higher than that of pesticides. The deposition of 2,4-dinitrophenol was e.g. up to a factor of 40 higher than that of pendimethalin. Atrazine, chloridazon, 2,4-D, dieldrin, disulfoton, fenitrothion, isoproturon, lenacil, metazachlor and propachlor were found in precipitation, although these pesticides are not allowed in Denmark. It can therefore be concluded that they came from abroad and have been transported over at least 60-80 km. For some of these compounds the transport distance is much longer. 相似文献
375.
The participation of fishermen in fisheries management is discussed with varying ideas under the notions of "co-management", "participatory management" or "local management". Empirical studies within Swedish fishery have thrown new light on the preconditions for fishermen's participation in fisheries management. Among the important factors influencing failure or success are the two which we discuss here: the question of articulation, organization and representation of interests of fishermen and the question of trust between the groups that are usually cooperating in resource management, fishermen, governmental administrators and researchers. The research summarized has addressed the interests of fishermen with regard to resource management, local fisheries management, and participation of fishermen. The overarching question connecting the three themes is: How can the interests of fishermen be represented better within fisheries management? Interests and trust, "soft facts", can be as important for the success or failure of fisheries management and participation as can "hard facts" such as ownership rights, quantity and quality of resources or monetary value of resources. 相似文献
376.
First presented at the European Symposium Photomorphogenesis in Plants, Freiburg/Br., September 24–29, 1989, West Germany. 相似文献
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