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Simone Gingrich Karl-Heinz Erb Fridolin Krausmann Veronika Gaube Helmut Haberl 《Regional Environmental Change》2007,7(1):37-47
This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization
in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary
sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth
century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total
carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period
and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880
and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late
nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in
the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence
of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162%
of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive
use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing
in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the
carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources
(biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil
fuels. 相似文献
24.
Kitao M Löw M Heerdt C Grams TE Häberle KH Matyssek R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):537-544
The effects of elevated O3 on photosynthetic properties in adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated in relation to leaf mass per area as a measure of the gradually changing, within-canopy light availability. Leaves under elevated O3 showed decreased stomatal conductance at unchanged carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, which was consistent with enhanced δ13C of leaf organic matter, regardless of the light environment during growth. In parallel, increased energy demand for O3 detoxification and repair was suggested under elevated O3 owing to enhanced dark respiration. Only in shade-grown leaves, light-limited photosynthesis was reduced under elevated O3, this effect being accompanied by lowered Fv/Fm. These results suggest that chronic O3 exposure primarily caused stomatal closure to adult beech trees in the field regardless of the within-canopy light gradient. However, light limitation apparently raised the O3 sensitivity of photosynthesis and accelerated senescence in shade leaves. 相似文献
25.
Fetzel Tamara Niedertscheider Maria Haberl Helmut Krausmann Fridolin Erb Karl-Heinz 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1507-1520
Regional Environmental Change - African land systems play a decisive role in addressing future sustainability challenges for food and energy supply—in Africa and potentially elsewhere.... 相似文献
26.
Christoph Plutzar Christine Kroisleitner Helmut Haberl Tamara Fetzel Claudia Bulgheroni Tim Beringer Patrick Hostert Thomas Kastner Tobias Kuemmerle Christian Lauk Christian Levers Marcus Lindner Dietmar Moser Daniel Müller Maria Niedertscheider Maria Luisa Paracchini Sibyll Schaphoff Peter H. Verburg Pieter J. Verkerk Karl-Heinz Erb 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1225-1238
Understanding patterns, dynamics, and drivers of land use is crucial for improving our ability to cope with sustainability challenges. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework provides a set of integrated socio-ecological indicators that quantify how land use alters energy flows in ecosystems via land conversions and biomass harvest. Thus, HANPP enables researchers to systematically and consistently assess the outcome of changes in land cover and land-use intensity across spatio-temporal scales. Yet, fine-scale HANPP assessments are so far missing, an information important to address site-specific ecological implications of land use. Here, we provide such an assessment for Europe at a 1-km scale for the years 1990, 2000, and 2006. The assessment was based on a consistent land-use/biomass flow dataset derived from statistical data, remote sensing maps, and a dynamic global vegetation model. We find that HANPP in Europe amounted to ~43 % of potential productivity, well above the global average of ~25 %, with little variation in the European average since 1990. HANPP was highest in Central Europe and lower in Northern and Southern Europe. At the regional level, distinct changes in land-use intensity were observed, most importantly the decline of cropland areas and yields following the breakdown of socialism in Eastern Europe and the subsequent recovery after 2000, or strong dynamics related to storm events that resulted in massive salvage loggings. In sum, however, these local dynamics cancelled each other out at the aggregate level. We conclude that this finding warrants further research into aspects of the scale-dependency of dynamics and stability of land use. 相似文献
27.
Rodrigo Navia Olga Rubilar M Cristina Diez Karl-Heinz Schmidt Gerhard Behrendt Karl E Lorber 《Waste management & research》2007,25(2):119-129
The volcanic soils of southern Chile have demonstrated a high capacity to adsorb environmental pollutants, but for an industrial application, a stable solid material is necessary. The objective of this work was to produce a stable ceramic material through a process involving volcanic soil-polyurethane foam produced with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-polyols, and further thermal treatment. The selected foam formulation with 35.4% volcanic soil (< 63 microm) seems to be the most suitable for thermal treatment, with temperature steps at 700, 850, 1000 and 1200 degrees C. The porous ceramic material obtained has a stable solid form and an improved chlorophenols adsorption capacity (comparable to natural zeolites) that makes it suitable for advanced wastewater treatment and landfill leachate depuration. 相似文献
28.
Nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda) feeding on tentacles and polyps of Cnidaria thereby ingest both latent and discharged nematocysts
(NCs) along with the food mass. In eolid nudibranchs (Opisthobranchia, Aeolidacea), many of the undischarged NCs are transported
to terminal cnidosacs in their body appendages (cerata) and incorporated as kleptocnidae for defense. In the present report,
the occurrence and fate of NCs in the digestive tracts of eolids is compared with hydrozoan-feeding dendronotacean nudibranchs
(Opisthobranchia, Dendronotacea), which may show more basic stages in the evolution of cnidosacs. Tomographic reconstructions
of the distal tips of cerata were composed from series of semithin light microscopic sections, utilizing 3D-surface rendering
software. Doto acuta (Dendronotacea, Dotidae) does not have cnidosacs; transmission electron micrographs show that the NCs are digested in lysosomes
of digestive gland cells. In contrast, species of the genus Hancockia (Dendronotacea, Hancockiidae) have several small cnidosacs in each ceras; they accumulate NCs in the digestive cells, as
well as in the cnidosacs. Many of the cnidosacs were found open to the exterior with NCs in the process of expulsion. These
and other structural details suggest assigning a function of expelling the NCs to the Hancockia spp. cnidosacs. It is proposed that cnidosacs similar to those of Hancockia spp. provide a clue to understanding how the defensive function of eolid cnidosacs may have evolved.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
29.
Thomas Höpner Karl-Heinz van Bernem Harald Felzmann Holger Struck 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1994,1(1):38-46
In January–February 1991, about 1 million m3 of crude oil were released into the Arabian Gulf as a means of ecological warfare. A stretch of 644 km along the Saudi Arabian coast was heavily polluted over a width between a few meters and more than one kilometer. In four studies performed between March 1991 and April 1993 the state of representative areas of the affected coast was examined with the result that only minor changes were found in those oiled zones which are seldom inundated by the tides. Technical measures up to 1993 did not exceed the test level. A biological regeneration process is in progress which was not recognized as such in analyses of previous coastal oil pollution. Cyanobacterial mats, containing hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, grow on oiled sediments which are regularly reached by tidal water. Shrinking and fracturing of the stable tar crusts starts a process of loosening and degrading of aged hydrocarbons. 相似文献
30.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献