The effect of queen pheromones on worker honey bee ovary development

We report results that address a long-standing controversy in honey bee biology, the identity of the queen-produced compounds that inhibit worker honey bee ovary development. As the honey bee is the only organism for which identities have been proposed for any pheromone that regulates reproduction, the resolution of its identity is of broad significance. We examined the effects of synthetic honey bee queen mandibular pheromone (QMP), four newly identified queen retinue pheromone components, and whole-queen extracts on the ovary development of caged worker bees. The newly identified compounds did not inhibit worker ovary development alone, nor did they improve the efficacy of QMP when applied in combination. QMP was as effective as queen extracts at ovary regulation. Caged workers in the QMP and queen extract treatments had better developed ovaries than did workers remaining in queenright colonies. We conclude that QMP is responsible for the ovary-regulating pheromonal capability of queens from European-derived Apis mellifera subspecies.     

填埋场内温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为表征

填埋场内渗滤液饱和带是物质交换和生化反应的活跃区域,也是含硫恶臭的主要发生源.本研究探究了填埋场内温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为特征,结果表明,在25～55℃逐步升温的温度场下,渗滤液饱和带内的硫酸盐还原行为逐步增强且差异显著.渗滤液饱和带纵向SO42-和DOC迁移转化规律各异但趋势相同.硫酸盐还原行为主要发生在固液交界区和固相区,且固液交界区的电子供、受体呈特定化学计量关系.电子供体是引起硫酸盐还原行为差异的主要原因.本研究揭示的温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为可为填埋场精准除臭提供重要依据.     

生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响

明确生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响,为提升紫色土旱坡地耕地质量及减少紫色土旱坡地农业面源污染发生风险提供科学依据.以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间试验,研究了不施肥(对照)、常规施肥、优化施肥及生物炭(化肥减量配施生物炭)这4个处理对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流氮素流失形态及通量的影响.结果表明:①在各施肥处理中,常规处理总径流量最大,为16 133 L·a~(-1),生物炭处理总径流量最小,为11 893 L·a~(-1).各施肥处理以壤中流为主要径流方式,壤中流流失量占总流失量的61.80%～68.60%;与对照(不施肥处理)相比,其余各施肥处理泥沙流失量均有所降低,其中常规处理降低的效果最明显.②铵态氮主要通过地表径流流失,占总流失通量的86.51%～96.58%;铵态氮流失通量最大的为施生物炭处理[0.69 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].③各施肥处理产流中的颗粒态氮浓度均高于对照处理,且常规施肥处理的颗粒态氮流失通量最大,为2.87 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).④各施肥处理的壤中流和地表径流中的全氮浓度和硝态氮浓度均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).硝态氮是全氮流失的主要形态,且二者均以壤中流为主要流失途径;全氮通过壤中流流失占比为72.86%～89.13%,且常规施肥处理的全氮总流失通量最大,为35.58 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),而施生物炭处理全氮总流失通量最小,为21.49 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).化肥减量配施生物炭能明显降低径流量和氮的流失通量,可有效阻控农业面源污染发生的风险.     

上海化学工业区污水处理厂废气中挥发性有机物主要成分的测定

建立了使用活性炭管采集臭气中的挥发性有机物,经二硫化碳解吸,用GC-MS仪Scan扫描方式确定挥发性有机物的组分后优化GC-MS条件定性定量分析上海化学工业区污水处理厂臭气中主要挥发性有机物的方法。结果表明,从臭气中检测出11种VOCs,线性相关系数R2均大于0.99,相对标准偏差为3.0%～4.7%,除了苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯和4-甲基苯乙烯的解吸效率依次分别为72%、74%和66%,其他挥发性有机物的解吸效率均为91%～100%。本方法操作简便,能够有效分离和准确测定臭气中挥发性有机物,具有较低的检出限和较好的精确度,适合臭气中挥发性有机物的检测分析,可为臭气控制提供可靠的数据。     

Application of a pathogenicity marker found in Escherichia coli for the assessment of irrigation water quality.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). A pathogenicity marker, linked to the deletion of the ygfB gene, was identified in 80% of the clinical E. coli isolates tested. This marker, combined with the malic acid dehydrogenase gene, formed the duplex PCR that was subsequently used to screen E. coli isolates recovered from two secondary wastewater treatment plants (STPs) and a river site. All waters samples are used to irrigate dairy farm pasture in the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Results from three consecutive months of sampling (December 2001 and January and February 2002) indicated that Longwarry STP showed 8, 8, and 0% pathogenic E. coli; Pakenham STP showed 0, 12.5, and 33%; and the Bunyip river site showed 20, 12, and 25% respectively.     

污泥生物处理技术在长江大保护中的应用前景

污泥是污水处理的副产物,是污水处理过程的延续和必然要求.截至2017年,长江经济带11省市污泥产量接近2 000×104 t/a,大量污泥没有得到妥善处置,严重制约着“长江水质根本好转”目标的实现.厌氧消化与好氧发酵是两种主流的污泥生物处理技术,都已有广泛的应用案例,但是也存在运营不畅的现象.为识别长江大保护中污泥生物处理项目的问题并提出解决方案,分析了长江经济带的污泥产率及性质,梳理了污泥生物处理技术的发展及适用性.结果表明:长江经济带各省市污泥产量约占全国污泥产量的40%,污泥产率普遍低于全国平均水平,长江经济带各省市污泥有机质含量低于55%,pH为中性、总养分含量超过5.0%、重金属含量存在超过GB 4284—2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》标准限值的风险;高级厌氧消化、协同厌氧消化和高含固厌氧消化等技术的发展破解了由于长江经济带污泥有机质含量普遍较低而导致的污泥厌氧消化稳定性低的问题,降低了污泥厌氧消化工程的成本;污泥好氧发酵过程重金属钝化技术的发展在一定程度上破解了由于长江经济带污泥重金属含量过高而导致的污泥发酵产物出路不畅的问题.研究显示,污泥生物处理技术仍具有一定的局限性,但通过合适的规划,污泥生物处理技术可与其他污泥处理处置技术高效耦合,具有广泛应用于长江大保护污泥处理处置项目的潜力.      

1961—2010年新疆生长季节指数时空变化特征及其农业响应

在定义生长季节长度(GSL)、生长季节开始时间(LSF)以及生长季节结束时间(FFF)三个生长季节指数的基础上,采用模糊聚类、稳健回归及Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法分析新疆1961—2010年生长季节指数时空变化特征,并针对作物生长季节指数变化对区域农业生产的影响进行了深入探讨。结果表明:新疆20世纪90年代中期,GSL变化幅度很大,低纬地区生长季节受低温影响较小,而随纬度上升,中高纬地区生长季节受低温影响越大。生长季节长度的变化与秋季低温(生长季节结束时间)变化情况紧密相连,全疆生长季节长度在80%的保证率下,较多年平均生长季节长度缩短5~14 d。生长季节长度的延长,会导致净初级生产力以及年蒸散发总量上升,继而影响水文、生态系统以及生物地球化学过程。     

环境试验过程中产品防护的几点要点探讨

环境试验作为考核产品相关性能的技术手段,保护产品自身的安全性则需要试验室付出更多的努力。本文主要从三个方面对产品防护进行了论述,分别为:试验过程品质防护、产品试验阶段多余物防控和产品静电防护的三大论块。分别论述了相关论块对产品的危害,并提出了一些试验过程的防护建议。     

新型复合药剂原位修复河道底泥污染

采用新型复合药剂开展河道底泥原位修复技术研究,通过考察河道水质改善效果、底泥中磷含量及形态的变化确定药剂的最佳投加量。结果表明,投加复合药剂对上覆水体中TN、NH4+-N和TP均有不同程度的净化效果,且净化效果随药剂量的增加而增强,最高去除率分别达到23.52%、21.79%和81.5%,上覆水体COD去除率随药剂投加量增多呈先升后降的趋势,最高（投加量为600 mg·L-1）达到57.6%。从底泥磷含量及形态变化来看,投加药剂增大了底泥TP含量并促进底泥不稳态磷向稳定态磷转化。因此,从经济成本和修复效果方面综合分析,以投加量为600 mg·L-1对底泥污染原位修复较为合适。     

Raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein in the absence of fetal abnormality-placental findings. A quantitative morphometric study

Ten placentae from pregnancies proceeding to term from mothers who on routine screening at 16–18 weeks gestation were found to have a raised serum AFP but no increase in amniotic fluid AFP and no fetal abnormality, were studied using morphometric techniques. The results were compared with 20 placentae from normal term pregnancies where the maternal serum AFP level was not elevated. The mean total placental volume, volume of parenchyma and villous surface area were increased in the placentae associated with a raised maternal serum AFP. More of these placentae were infarcted and the fetal-placental weight ratio was significantly lower. The hypothesis that elevation of maternal serum AFP level is related to the increase in placental size is addressed.