液化石油气钢瓶承载能力的研究

充分考虑液化石油气钢瓶的结构特点,基于31组试验数据,推导得到确定短液化石油气钢瓶承载能力的新公式,以及区分长、短液化石油气钢瓶的临界长度计算公式;采用11组试验数据验证了用中径公式确定长液化石油气钢瓶承载能力的合理有效性.     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C?C350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C?C700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2?C0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)^?1, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.     

胚胎期草甘膦铵盐暴露对中华鳖幼体的表型与生理表现的影响

草甘膦是全球范围内生产与使用量最大的除草剂。虽然草甘膦制剂被分于低毒等级,但是许多研究显示其对动物的生理、行为表达具有广泛的干扰作用。本研究将中华鳖胚胎暴露于不同浓度的草甘膦铵盐溶液以评估草甘膦除草剂对其胚胎发育及孵出幼体表型及生理表现的影响。结果显示:一定浓度范围(5～5 000 mg·L~(-1))内,草甘膦铵盐对中华鳖胚胎发育速率、孵出幼体大小、游泳能力、肝脏甘油三酯含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量以及热激蛋白70 mRNA相对表达量无显著影响。结果表明:一定浓度范围草甘膦除草剂暴露对中华鳖胚胎发育的影响较小,不改变孵出幼体的表型及其生理表现。     

Static and dynamic characteristics of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-O<Subscript>2</Subscript> aqueous solution in the microstructure of porous carbon materials

Porous carbon material facilitates the reaction SO₂ + O₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₄ in coal-burned flue gas for sulfur resources recovery at mild conditions. It draws a long-term mystery on its heterogeneous catalysis due to the complicated synergic effect between its microstructure and chemical components. To decouple the effects of geometric structure from chemical components, classical molecular dynamics method was used to investigate the static and dynamic characteristics of the reactants (H₂O, SO₂ and O₂) in the confined space truncated by double-layer graphene (DLG). Strong adsorption of SO₂ and O₂ by the DLG was observed, which results in the filling of the solute molecules into the interior of the DLG and the depletion of H₂O. This effect mainly results from the different affinity of the DLG to the species and can be tuned by the separation of the two graphene layers. Such dimension dependence of the static and dynamic properties like distribution profile, molecular cluster, hydrogen bond and diffusion coefficient were also studied. The conclusions drawn in this work could be helpful to the further understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism of desulfurization process in porous carbon materials and other applications of carbon-based catalysts.

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燃煤锅炉低氮氧化物燃烧特性的神经网络预报

大型燃煤电站锅炉的低NO_x燃烧技术日益受到关注,但NO_x的排放特性复杂,受煤种、锅炉设计结构和操作参数等多种因素影响.在对某台600MW四角切圆燃煤电站锅炉的NO_x排放特性和飞灰含碳量特性进行多工况热态测试的基础上,应用人工神经网络的非线性动力学特性及自学习特性,建立了大型四角切圆燃烧锅炉NO_x排放特性和燃烧经济性的神经网络模型,并对此模型进行了校验.结果表明,该模型能根据燃煤特性及各种操作参数准确预报锅炉在不同工况下的NO_x排放和飞灰含碳量特性,可为大型电站锅炉通过燃烧调整降低NO_x排放和提高锅炉燃烧效率提供有效手段.     

Effect of temperature and oxygen on the formation of chlorobenzene as the indicator of PCDD/Fs

Sampling and analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) are both time-consuming and expensive. In principle,real-time monitoring of chlorobenzene(CBz) as an indicator for PCDD/Fs could be useful to control and optimize incinerator operating conditions.To test this strategy,CBz was analyzed together with PCDD/Fs in flue gas samples collected from a hospital waste incinerator.Moreover,lab experiments were conducted to investigate the eect of temperature and oxygen on CBz formation from fly ash from the same incinerator.The experimental results demonstrate that chlorobenzene(in particular PeCBz) correlate well with PCDD/Fs,in line with previous research.The optimum temperature of CBz formation is in a range of 350 to 400°C and CBz yield increases significantly with oxygen,in line with PCDD/Fs formation.This study is useful for confirming the de novo mechanism and defining correlations between CBz and PCDD/Fs.     

钙基吸收剂液相氧化法协同脱硫脱硝试验

采用CaCO3作为吸收剂,利用单隔板喷射鼓泡实验装置研究了NaCl02作为氧化剂的协同脱硫脱硝效果,并与KMnO4进行了对比.考察了不同试验条件对NO和SO2脱除效率的影响.实验结果表明,同等条件下NaClO2的脱硫脱硝效果优于KMnO4;低pH值有利于NaClO2氯化脱硝,但对于KMnO4氧化脱硝,pH值无明显影响;提高SO2浓度或降低NO浓度均可提高NO脱除效率,NaClO2的氧化脱硝特性较KMnO4显著;提高氧化剂加入量和喷射管浸没深度均可以提高脱硫脱硝效率.     

煤粉炉联产贝利特-Q相水泥熟料及其水化性能试验

选用长广煤为试验煤种,分析纯CaO、MgO为添加剂,在两段多相反应实验台开展联产Q相水泥熟料试验.同时,对熟料样品矿物组成进行XRD、SEM和EDS分析,并对联产获得的Q相水泥熟料样品开展水化强度、膨胀性、安定性、凝结时间和水化性能等测试.结果表明,熟料样品矿物组成主要为2CaO·SiO2、Q相和3CaO·3Al2O3.CaSO4等;Q相水泥熟料样品砂浆试样各龄期抗压强度和抗折强度接近于32.5强度等级普通硅酸盐水泥标准,当Q相水泥熟料中掺加30%的硅酸盐水泥熟料时,其砂浆试样各龄期抗压强度和抗折强度达到32.5强度等级普通硅酸盐水泥标准要求;Q相水泥熟料样品膨胀性、安定性和凝结时间符合国家水泥相关标准;除2CaO·SiO2外,联产Q相水泥熟料水化3d就出现2CaO·Al2O3·8H2O、3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O、xCaO·SiO2·yH2O和Al2O3·3H2O水化产物,且随着水化龄期的延长,2CaO·Al2O3·8H2O、3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4·12H2O、3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O等水化产物逐渐增多,显示出良好的水化性能.     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C–350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C–700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2–0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)⁻¹, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.