1949～1998年中国大洪涝灾害若干特征分析

根据1949~1998年大洪涝灾害资料、运用一般统计方法和分形理论,分析了1949~1998年大洪涝灾害的若干特征,得出大洪涝灾害的发生频率在不断增加、受灾农田面积波动上升、空间上以长江和珠江流域为主、季节上集中在6~8月份等特征,并探讨了大洪涝灾害时间序列上的分形特征。     

Frequency comparative study of coal-fired fly ash acoustic agglomeration

Comparative studies between high-frequency and lowfrequency acoustic agglomeration were carried out to investigate the frequency influence on agglomeration efficiency.     

Dynamics and origin of PM2.5 during a three-year sampling period in Beijing, China

Systematic sampling and analysis were performed to investigate the dynamics and the origin of suspended particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)), in Beijing, China from 2005 to 2008. Identifying the source of PM(2.5) was the main goal of this project, which was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The concentrations of 19 elements, black carbon (BC) and the total mass in 158 weekly PM(2.5) samples were measured. The statistical evaluation of the data from factor analysis (FA) identifies four main sources responsible for PM(2.5) in Beijing: (1) a combination of long-range transport geogenic soil particles, geogenic-like particles from construction sites and the anthropogenic emissions from steel factories; (2) road traffic, industry emissions and domestic heating; (3) local re-suspended soil particles; (4) re-suspended particles from refuse disposal/landfills and uncontrolled dumped waste. Special attention has been paid to seven high concentration "episodes", which were further analyzed by FA, enrichment factor analysis (EF), elemental signatures and backward-trajectory analysis. These results suggest that long-range transport soil particles contribute much to the high concentration of PM(2.5) during dust days. This is supported by mineral analysis which showed a clear imprint of component in PM(2.5). Furthermore, the ratios of Mg/Al have been proved to be a good signature to trace back different source areas. The Pb/Ti ratio allows the distinction between periods of predominant anthropogenic and geogenic sources during high concentration episodes. Backward-trajectory analysis clearly shows the origins of these episodes, which partly corroborate the FA and EF results. This study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the meteorological and source driven dynamics of PM(2.5) concentrations.     

The effect of background irradiation on photocatalytic efficiencies of TiO2 thin films

TiO(2) thin films were prepared on quartz pipe substrates. Effects of the thickness of the films, the wavelength of the UV light and La doping on efficiencies of background irradiated photocatalysis were investigated, and simultaneously was compared with those of foreground irradiated photocatalysis. The results showed that there was an optimal thickness of the film corresponding with each wavelength of the light source limited in the range from 300 nm to 388 nm in the case of background irradiated photocatalysis, which was quite different from that of foreground irradiated one. But in both cases, the film's photocatalytic activities were enhanced by La non-uniformly doping. The results are useful for the design of high-efficiency photocatalytic reactors.     

燃煤锅炉烟气中可吸入颗粒物的声凝并研究

可吸人颗粒物排放控制技术是现阶段的一个研究热点.声凝并是一种新型的控制燃煤锅炉可吸人颗粒物排放的方法之一.在内壁光滑的圆筒反应器中.利用压电换能器产生行波可以对小颗粒产生凝并作用.凝并效率受到凝并时间、声强、声波频率以及烟气温度等因素的影响.在1～2.5kHz范围内,1.5kHz是较好的声波频率;在同一频率下,随着声强的增加,凝并效率会相应提高,同时能耗也增加;随着温度的升高,凝并效率也逐渐增加;对于PM2.5来说,最佳凝并时间为3.3s,凝并效率可达60%以上.     

石灰石颗粒固硫反应特性的模型研究

在热重分析的基础上，建立了石灰石 煅烧固硫反应过程的数学模型，并对影响固 效果的SO2浓度、反应温度及颗粒粒径等因素进行了研究。模型的计算结果和试验结果吻合较好，该量小于12％，对脱硫实践具有指导意义。     

多孔介质内H2S贫氧燃烧制氢数值模拟

为探索H2S在多孔介质内超绝热缺氧燃烧裂解制氢的机理,采用流体力学数值模拟与化学动力学研究相结合的方法,使用一个17组分、57步的复杂化学反应机理,模拟了H2S在直径为3 mm的Al2O3圆球堆积的多孔燃烧反应器内的缺氧燃烧制氢过程,模拟结果与试验数据基本吻合.模拟结果显示:富燃条件下,多孔介质内H2S的燃烧温度超过了绝热燃烧温度,为H2S的裂解制硫、制氢提供了高温环境,H2S部分裂解生成单质硫和氢气,从而实现了对硫化氢中的硫和氢同时利用的目的.     

初始pH值、液固比对某焚烧炉灰重金属渗滤的影响

对某煤和垃圾混烧流化床焚烧炉的一种灰样品进行了TCLP试验 ,研究了初始渗滤液pH值变化以及液固比变化对该灰中重金属渗滤特性的影响 .在初始渗滤液pH =6之前 ,渗滤后溶液的pH值升高迅速 ,pH =6之后 ,趋势缓慢 .试验结果表明灰中重金属极易在酸性环境中渗滤 .随着初始渗滤液液固比的增大 ,渗滤后溶液的pH值下降 ,渗滤液中的重金属浓度上升 ,灰中的重金属随液固比的增大不断滤出直至饱和状态 .     

作物秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮的周年去除效果及其对氮循环微生物丰度的影响

基于前期研究,利用秸秆材料处理养殖废水,能够有效降低养殖废水中氮的浓度,但周年去除效果及其对氮循环微生物丰度的影响尚不清楚.设置麦秸、玉米秆、稻草和空白对照这4个处理,试验周期为1 a,研究秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮的周年去除效果及其氮循环微生物功能基因丰度动态变化.结果表明：① 3种作物秸秆对养殖废水TN和NH₄⁺-N等主要污染物的去除效率均以前6个月为最佳,后6个月去除效率明显下降;稻草及麦秸对TN和NH₄⁺-N的周年去除效果较好,其中稻草和麦秸对TN去除率分别为（32.81±11.34）%和（32.99±9.60）%,对NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为（35.3±13.23）%和（34.97±12.00）%;②添加秸秆材料生物基质消纳系统中氮循环微生物功能基因nirK、nirS和hzsB基因丰度为6.45×10⁹、6.18×10⁹和2.31×10⁹copies·L^-1,AOA和AOB基因丰度分别为6.12×10¹⁰copies·L^-1和4.93×10⁹copies·L^-1;16S rRNA高达8.90×10¹⁰copies·L^-1,均显著高于空白处理（P<0.05）.其中添加稻草和麦秸处理中hzsB基因和nirS基因丰度相对较高,表明添加稻草和麦秸显著增强了生物基质消纳系统厌氧氨氧化和反硝化微生物作用.同时,相较于其他处理,添加麦秸增加了生物基质池AOA和AOB基因丰度,表明麦秸能够促进生物基质消纳系统的硝化作用.以上研究结果为秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮去除分子机制提供了数据支撑.     

污泥衍生吸附剂对铅离子的吸附机理研究

研究了化学活化法热解制取污泥衍生吸附剂的工艺过程,得出相应工艺条件.利用污泥衍生吸附剂吸附溶液中重金属离子Pb2 ,得到动力学模型.实验结果表明:(1)该吸附过程分为3个阶段:初始阶段(t≤20 min)、过渡阶段(20 min＜t≤30 min)和后期阶段(t＞30 min),满足线性方程dC/dt=kC;(2)该吸附过程的吸附活化能E=26.5 kJ/mol,吸附频率因子A=6900 s-1.整个吸附过程为扩散吸附,吸附传质速度由孔隙扩散阶段和内表面吸附共同控制.