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161.
Matthew J. Eckelman Reid J. LifsetIoannis Yessios Ken Panko 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(11):1273-1278
Second Life is a virtual, open-access, and user-generated environment that has served as a platform for hosting everything from rock concerts to scientific conferences. Many institutions have also used Second Life as an educational tool, for example by, showcasing scientific exhibits or embedding video and images for learning purposes. Here we discuss the creation and use of an interactive, virtual industrial facility - the Elihu Paper Company - as a way to complement a traditional facility tours in a course in industrial environmental management. Virtual facilities offer a number of educational advantages over real-life ones: they are always open and available for tours, they can be accessed instantaneously from anywhere where there is an adequate internet connection, and most importantly, tours and embedded information can be tailored to specific educational objectives. Our experience in using Elihu Paper as a formal facility visit for the past several years shows that students had significantly more time than usual to ask questions, could and did explore the facility independently, and were still able to produce facility reports that fulfilled the educational objectives of the visits, including mapping material flows and explaining pollution prevention and sustainability opportunities. 相似文献
162.
In the course of their foraging bouts, bees frequently encounter spider webs among the vegetation. The ability to see and
avoid these webs is vital for the success of the individual bee’s foraging bout. In this study, we report on the response
of stingless bees (Trigona carbonaria) towards the webs of the St. Andrew’s Cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi). We studied the ability of bees to avoid webs in different contexts: when bees were on their foraging path or when they
were returning to the hive as well as when they were flying North or South. We show that the probability of a bee being able
to avoid a web depends on the context of the bee’s flight rather than the visual appearance of the web. Furthermore, the presence
of the spider seems to alert the bee to the web, resulting in bees being more able to avoid capture. We show, specifically,
that the probability of being captured is higher when the bee is returning to the hive compared with when the bee is foraging.
The likelihood of avoiding a web is also influenced by the compass direction of the flight, although to a lesser extent. Our
results indicate that the context of the predator–prey encounter has a significant influence on a bee’s ability to escape
interception by a spider web. 相似文献
163.
Recency preference of odour memory retrieval in honeybees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Free-flying honeybees (Apis mellifera) were trained on tasks in which they had to choose one of three odours for a reward of sugar water. In acquisition, the bees
learned this task in about five trials of training. Unrewarded retention tests showed that the odour memory was retained after
24-h delay. These findings are unsurprising. Integration experiments were then performed in which the bees had to learn two
successive tasks of odour discrimination with conflicting demands. In task 1 (20 trials), one of three odours provided sugar
water while the other two provided tap water. In task 2 (ten trials), which followed task 1 immediately, a different odour
provided the reward. The bees were given unrewarded tests immediately after training on task 2 and then tested again after
10 min, 22 h or 24 h. The 22-h delay coincided with the circadian time for the start of task 1 training, while the 24 h coincided
with the circadian time for the end of the task 2 training. Bees strongly preferred the rewarded odour for task 2 on immediate
testing and after a 10-min delay. After delays of 22 and 24 h, they still preferred the rewarded odour for task 2. We conclude
that the most recently acquired odour memory dominates behaviour in honeybees. The close association between floral odour
and reward availability under natural circumstances may predispose honeybees to rely more on the most recently rewarded odour
cue rather than on circadian time. 相似文献
164.
Takeshi Osawa Kazuhisa Yamasaki Ken Tabuchi Akira Yoshioka Mayura B. Takada 《Ambio》2018,47(7):806-815
Detecting dispersal pathways is important both for understanding species range expansion and for managing nuisance species. However, direct detection is difficult. Here, we propose detecting these crucial pathways using a virtual ecology approach, simulating species dynamics using models, and virtual observations. As a case study, we developed a dispersal model based on cellular automata for the pest insect Stenotus rubrovittatus and simulated its expansion. We tested models for species expansion based on four landscape parameters as candidate pathways; these are river density, road density, area of paddy fields, and area of abandoned farmland, and validated their accuracy. We found that both road density and abandoned area models had prediction accuracy. The simulation requires simple data only to have predictive power, allowing for fast modeling and swift establishment of management plans. 相似文献
165.
Cretini KF Visser JM Krauss KW Steyer GD 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2389-2403
The Floristic Quality Index (FQI) has been used as a tool for assessing the integrity of plant communities and for assessing
restoration projects in many regions of the USA. Here, we develop a modified FQI (FQImod) for coastal Louisiana wetlands and verify it using 12 years of monitoring data from a coastal restoration project. Plant
species that occur in coastal Louisiana were assigned a coefficient of conservatism (CC) score by a local group with expertise
in Louisiana coastal vegetation. Species percent cover and both native and non-native species were included in the FQImod which was scaled from 0–100. The FQImod scores from the long-term monitoring project demonstrated the utility of this index for assessing wetland condition over
time, including its sensitivity to a hurricane. Ultimately, the FQI developed for coastal Louisiana will be used in conjunction
with other wetland indices (e.g., hydrology and soils) to assess wetland condition coastwide and these indices will aid managers
in coastal restoration and management decisions. 相似文献
166.
Morita T Fujimoto K Kasai H Yamada H Nishiuchi K 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2010,12(5):1179-1186
The anthropogenic radionuclides, 90Sr and 137Cs, were measured in two marine algal species, wakame seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) and edible kelp (Laminaria longissima), collected in four coastal areas of Japan during 1998-2008. Although 90Sr and 137Cs could be detected at all sampling sites, the concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs were at low levels and those in some samples were below the detection limit. These low concentrations and the small variation of both concentrations and the 137Cs/90Sr activity ratio indicate that the source of 90Sr and 137Cs detected in this study originated from the global fallout deposition following atmospheric nuclear-bomb tests in the past. There were no significant differences in both concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs in wakame seaweed among three sampling sites. Although wakame seaweed is extensively distributed in southern and central Japan, it does not occur in northern areas and so edible kelp was monitored. The concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs in edible kelp were significantly different from those in wakame seaweed in some sampling sites. These differences could be due to the difference in the concentrations of 90Sr and 137Cs in the surrounding seawater or the difference in species. The combined data with data from the previous report and the preexisting database showed that wakame seaweed incorporated 137Cs through a different pathway from that of 90Sr. The combined data also suggested that wakame seaweed responded differently to the source of 137Cs. 相似文献
167.
Tokuchi Naoko Ohte Nobuhito Osaka Ken’ichi Katsuyama Masanori 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):855-863
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by a non-native pest that has spread extensively throughout Japan. Previous research has indicated that most infected trees have died and the litter deposited has resulted in changes to stream-water chemistry, particularly increased nitrate (NO 3 ? ) concentrations. In this study, we divided stream nitrogen (N) export into N loss due to PWD and baseline N leakage without disturbance based on long-term monitoring. The annual N export was 110.0 mol N ha?1 year?1 in 1990 and 749.8 mol N ha?1 year?1 in 1997, and had decreased to 37.0 mol N ha?1 year?1 in 2005. N export under PWD influence was estimated to be 3697 mol N ha?1, and N loss due to PWD was 2810 mol N ha?1. N loss due to PWD was three times larger than baseline N leakage for the disturbed period. These changes in plant–herbivore relationships could affect N status in a forest ecosystem. So-called “semi-natural” disturbances related to non-native species invasion and increases of atmospheric N deposition caused by human activity will increase. Long-term monitoring studies of various aspects are necessary to offer insight into this ecosystem. 相似文献
168.
Strontium to calcium ratios were observed along longitudinal sections of statoliths of nine neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821), including three mature females (422 to 454 mm mantle length, ML; 207 to 306 d old) obtained from the North
Pacific (27–35°N; 144–150°E) during winter and six immature males and females (187 to 226 mm ML; 126 to 164 d old) collected
from 39°N; 145°E and 39°N; 169°W during summer. The distances between the nucleus (core) and the edge of the dorsal dome were
approximately 660 to 690 μm in mature females and 450 to 510 μm in the immature squid. Sr/Ca ratios were determined at intervals
of 30 μm between the nucleus and edge of the dorsal dome. Sr/Ca ratios were higher in areas near the nuclei and peripheral
portions of the dorsal dome than in the middle portions of the statoliths (270 to 420 μm from the nuclei, corresponding to
ages of 60 to 90 d) in mature females; thus a U-shaped pattern was evident. Sr/Ca ratios in the six immature squid decreased
from nucleus to the dorsal dome; in three squid the ratios slightly increased toward the dorsal dome edge. The observed Sr/Ca
ratios in immature squid were considered to represent younger portions of the U-shaped pattern. In the present study we discuss
this pattern in relation to environmental and biological conditions of O. bartrami, which undertakes seasonal migrations between spawning grounds in the Subtropical Domain and feeding grounds in the Subarctic
Domain and Transitional Zone in the North Pacific Ocean. Although Sr/Ca ratios are potentially affected by ambient water temperature
and ontogenetic conditions, including somatic growth and statolith growth, it was impossible to evaluate each environmental
and biological effect separately, as variations in these factors are complicated and effects could be interdependent.
Received: 11 April 1997 / Accepted: 27 December 1997 相似文献
169.
Brown CJ Knight BW McMaster ME Munkittrick KR Oakes KD Tetreault GR Servos MR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(7):1923-1931
Fish community changes associated with a tertiary treated municipal wastewater effluent outfall in the Speed River, Ontario, Canada, were evaluated at nine sites over two seasons (2008) using standardized electrofishing. Habitat evaluations were conducted to ensure that the riffle sites selected were physically similar. The fish community was dominated by several species of darters that differed in their response to the effluent outfall. There was a significant decrease in Greenside Darter (Etheostoma blennioides) but an increase in Rainbow Darter (E. caeruleum) abundance directly downstream of the outfall. Stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ15N), which indicate shifts in energy utilization and flow, increased in Rainbow Darter downstream, but showed no change in Greenside Darter. Rainbow Darter may be exploiting a food source that is not as available at upstream sites giving them a competitive advantage over the Greenside Darter immediately downstream of the outfall. 相似文献
170.
We developed a novel polymer type sulfoxide-modified solid phase enabling to achieve selective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from insulation oil. In this study, firstly we prepared base-polymer based on the concept of the molecular imprinting to capture PCBs in selectively, then, the sulfoxide groups were modified on the pore surface of base-polymers by changing preparation methods. As results of liquid chromatographic analyses for the polymers as columns, the base-polymer prepared by xylene as a porogenic solvent showed selective retention ability for chlorinated aromatic compounds by the porogen imprinting effect. Additionally, the polymer-type sulfoxide solid phases showed highly retention ability for PCBs by increasing amount of introduced sulfoxide groups. Consequently, the results of separation of PCBs comparing to insulation oil suggested that the prepared solid phase can be used for the selective separation of PCBs at the same level as a commercially available media utilized for the regulated method. 相似文献