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981.
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Alban Lemasson Karim Ouattara Hélène Bouchet Klaus Zuberbühler 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(11):1023-1027
Call rate can be a salient feature in animal communication. Depending on the species, different psychological variables appear
to influence call rates but the exact nature of these relationships remains poorly explored. Here, we demonstrate for free-ranging
Campbell’s monkeys that the call rates of four different alarm series (termed H, K, K+, and B series) vary systematically as a function of context, associated behaviour, and identity of the caller. K+ series were given more rapidly to predation than non-predation events, K+ and K series more rapidly to visual than auditory predator detection, and H series more rapidly while counterattacking an
eagle than staying put. Finally, there were individual differences in B series, suggesting that call rate potentially provides
listeners with cues about the caller’s anti-predator behaviour, event type experienced, and his identity. 相似文献
983.
Anton Eitzinger Peter Läderach Christian Bunn Audberto Quiroga Andreas Benedikter Antonio Pantoja Jason Gordon Michele Bruni 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(2):161-176
Small farmers who supply the city of Bogotá with food are facing many challenges that are jeopardizing their livelihoods and by extension, the food security of Colombia’s capital. We expect future changes in climatic conditions to exacerbate the plight of the small farmers and this is expected to compromise Bogota’s food security even further. This paper specifically seeks to assess the impact of climate change (CC) on the livelihoods of smallholders who supply Bogota with most of its food. In our multidisciplinary methodology, we translated the exposure to CC into direct impact on crops and assessed sensitivity and adaptive capacity using the sustainable rural livelihoods framework. The results show that rainfall (by average of 100 mm) and temperature (by average of 2.1 °C) will increase over the study area, while the future climate suitability of the most important crops such as mango (Mangifera indica), papaya (Carica papaya), corn (Zea mays) and plantain (Musa balbisiana) shows a decrease of 19 % to 47 % climate suitability by the year 2050. The assessment of sensitivity and adaptive capacity demonstrates that farmers participating in a farmers’ market, initiated by several local and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), are less vulnerable to CC than farmers who sell through intermediaries. Those farmers selling directly to consumers in the farmers’ market have a higher adaptive capacity (3 on a scale of 3) in social and financial capital than those selling to intermediaries with less adaptive capacity (1 on a scale of 3). In light of the reduction in overall climatic suitability of some of the major crops and the change of geographic location of suitability for others, there are likely to be serious threats for Bogotá’s food security, the ecological landscape around the city, and farmers’ livelihoods. We further conclude that unless proper adaptation measures are implemented, the geographical shift in climate suitability may also force farmers to shift their crops to higher elevations including remaining forests and páramos (the Colombian alpine tundra ecosystems), which may be threatened in the near future. 相似文献
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Peter F. Sale 《Conservation biology》2007,21(1):281-282
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Verkerk Pieter J. Lindner Marcus Pérez-Soba Marta Paterson James S. Helming John Verburg Peter H. Kuemmerle Tobias Lotze-Campen Hermann Moiseyev Alexander Müller Daniel Popp Alexander Schulp Catharina J. E. Stürck Julia Tabeau Andrzej Wolfslehner Bernhard van der Zanden Emma H. 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):817-830
Regional Environmental Change - Plausible scenarios of future land use derived from model projections may differ substantially from what is actually desired by society, and identifying such... 相似文献
990.
Castro-Castellon Ana Teresa Hughes Jocelyne Mary Rose Read Daniel Steven Azimi Yaldah Chipps Michael James Hankins Nicholas Peter 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(22):27731-27741
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A continuous flow filtration system was designed to identify and quantify the removal mechanisms of Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) by... 相似文献