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441.
Mario Gellrich Priska Baur Niklaus E. Zimmermann 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(4):269-278
In many European mountain regions, natural forest regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and the related consequences for
the environment are issues of increasing concern. We developed a spatial statistical model based on multiple geophysical and
socio-economic variables to investigate the pattern of natural forest regrowth in the Swiss mountain area between the 1980s
and 1990s. Results show that forest regrowth occurred primarily in areas with low temperature sum, intermediate steepness
and soil stoniness as well as close to forest edges and relatively close to roads. Model results suggest that regions with
weak labor markets are favored in terms of land abandonment and forest regrowth. We could not find an effect of population
change on land abandonment and forest regrowth. Therefore, we conclude that decision makers should consider non-linearities
in the pattern of forest regrowth and the fact that labor markets have an effect on land abandonment and forest regrowth when
designing measures to prevent agricultural land abandonment and natural forest regrowth in the Swiss mountains. 相似文献
442.
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) can be found in various environmental compartments like air, rain and plants all over the world. It is assumed that TCA is an atmospheric degradation product of volatile chloroorganic hydrocarbons. The herbicide effect of TCA in higher concentrations is well known, but not much is known about the phytotoxic effects in environmentally relevant concentrations. It can be shown in this study by using the 13C/15N stable isotope tracer technique that [13C]TCA is taken up by roots of two-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. and transported into the needles. At the same time the effect of the substance on nitrogen metabolism can be analyzed by measuring the incorporation of 15NO3- into different nitrogen fractions of the plant. The more [13C]TCA incorporation, the higher the synthesis of 15N labelled amino acids and proteins is. These effects on the nitrogen metabolism are probably based on the activation of stress- and detoxification metabolism. It has to be assumed that there is an influence on N metabolism of Pinus sylvestris caused by the deposition of environmentally relevant TCA concentrations. 相似文献
443.
Oppenländer T Walddörfer C Burgbacher J Kiermeier M Lachner K Weinschrott H 《Chemosphere》2005,60(3):302-309
Xenon excimer (Xe2*) lamps can be used for the oxidation and mineralization of organic compounds in aqueous solution. This vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photochemical method is mainly based on the photochemically initiated homolysis of water that produces hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals. The efficiency of substrate oxidation and mineralization is limited markedly due to the high absorbance of water at the emission maximum of the Xe2* lamp (lambda(max)=172 nm). This photochemical condition generates an extreme heterogeneity between the irradiated volume V(irr) and the non-irradiated ("dark") bulk solution. During VUV-initiated photomineralization of organic substrates, the fast scavenging of hydrogen atoms and of carbon-centered radicals by dissolved molecular oxygen produces a permanent oxygen deficit within V(irr) and adjacent compartments. Hence, at a constant photon flux the concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen within the zones of photo and thermal radical reactions limits the rate of mineralization, i.e. the rate of TOC diminution. Thus, a simple and convenient technique is presented that overcomes this limitation by injection of molecular oxygen (or air) into the irradiated volume by use of a ceramic oxygenator (aerator). The tube oxygenator was centered axially within the xenon excimer flow-through lamp. Consequently, the oxygen or air bubbles enhanced the transfer of dissolved molecular oxygen into the VUV-irradiated volume leading to an increased rate of mineralization of organic model compounds, e.g. 1-heptanol, benzoic acid and potassium hydrogen phthalate. 相似文献
444.
445.
Rainer Haas Alfred Krippendorf Torsten C. Schmidt Klaus Steinbach und Eberhard v. L?w 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1998,10(5):289-293
Zusammenfassung Arsenkampfstoffe sind in der Umwelt persistent und kontaminieren bis heute Boden und Grundwasser. In diesem Beitrag werden
die chemischen Reaktionen der Arsenkamptstoffe Diphenylarsinchlorid (CLARK I), Phenylarsindichlorid (PFIFFIKUS), Ethylarsindichlorid
(DICK) sowie von Chlorvinylarsinverbindungen (LEWISITE) dargestellt. Die M?glichkeiten der chemisch-analytischen Erfassung
dieser chemischen Kampfstoffe als Originalsubstanzen und als Thiol-Derivate werden pr?sentiert.
相似文献
446.
Effects of ethanol addition on micellar solubilization and plume migration during surfactant enhanced recovery of tetrachloroethene 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Alcohol addition has been suggested for use in combination with surfactant flushing to enhance solubilization kinetics and permit density control of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL)-laden surfactant plumes. This study examined the effects of adding ethanol (EtOH) to a 4% Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) solution used to flush tetrachloroethene (PCE)-contaminated porous media. The influence of EtOH concentration, subsurface layering and scale on flushing solution delivery and PCE recovery was investigated through a combination of experimental and mathematical modeling studies. Results of batch experiments demonstrated that the addition of 2.5%, 5% and 10% (wt.) EtOH incrementally increased the PCE solubilization capacity and viscosity of the surfactant solution, while reducing solution density from 1.002 to 0.986 g/cm3. Effluent concentration data obtained from one-dimensional (1-D) column experiments were used to characterize rate-limited micellar solubilization of residual PCE, which was strongly dependent upon flow velocity and weakly dependent upon EtOH concentration. Two-dimensional (2-D) box studies illustrated that minor differences (0.008 g/cm3) between flushing and resident solution density can strongly influence surfactant front propagation. A two-dimensional multiphase simulator, MISER, was used to model the influence of EtOH composition on the aqueous flow field and PCE mass recovery. The ability of the numerical simulator to predict effluent concentrations and front propagation was demonstrated for both 1-D columns and 2-D boxes flushed with EtOH-amended Tween 80 solutions. Results of this study quantify the potential influence of alcohol addition on surfactant solution properties and solubilization capacity, and demonstrate the importance of considering small density variations in remedial design. 相似文献
447.
Wierrani F Kubin A Loew HG Henry M Spängler B Bodner K Grünberger W Ebermann R Alth G 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2002,89(10):466-469
We report the development of a novel simple experimental method which allows the comparison of new photosensitizers based on their production of reactive oxygen species. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay permits the monitoring of several substances (sensitizer, reactant and oxidized end product) simultaneously on a single chromatogram. Photoreactions were monitored throughout their course by the HPLC assay surveying the sensitizers' efficiency of singlet oxygen production by the oxidative decomposition of luminol. Several photosensitizers were tested: Rose Bengal, Methylene Blue, Protoporphyrin IX, Photosan III, Photofrin, Hypericin and Pseudohypericin. Additionally, photoreactions were monitored by a standard pO2 detection system. The measurements of the two detection methods were strongly correlated. Rose Bengal proved to be the most efficient photosensitizer, clearly decreasing the luminol concentration and causing a corresponding increase in aminophthalic acid. Our experiments show that when factors necessary for photochemical reactions are absent or are blocked (antioxidants), no reaction can be detected. 相似文献
448.
Colin G. Jones Klaus Wyser Anders Ullerstig Ulrika Willén 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2004,33(4):191-200
作为ARCMIP国际计划的一部分,罗斯比中心区域气候模型(RCA2)针对整个北冰洋地区的气候作了数值模拟整合,并与来自sHEBA数据集的观测资料作了比较,RCA2标准模型对北极冬季的云量和长波辐射的模拟较实况偏多.通过引入新的云量参数化方案(该参数化方案显著地改进了云量的年循环)减少了这部分误差,确定了介于晴空向下大气长波辐射与云层底部的长波辐射的补偿率,利用可以更准确描述冰晶与太阳辐射相互作用的辐射方案修正了模型,从而使得模型对云-太阳辐射间的相互作用的描述更接近实际.在模拟晴空辐射部分,由于太阳辐射大气透射率过大,经常在边界层云的顶部产生正偏差.引入真实海冰和积雪两种表面反照率的时间变化,对准确模拟地面能量净收支是至关重要的.同样,为了准确模拟北极圈地区近地面的热力学过程,将雪面温度作为预报量引入模型中也似乎是必不可少的. 相似文献
449.
450.