垃圾填埋场有机污染物的生物降解机理

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物的作用特性，微生物对有机污染物的降解及其影响因素，介绍了有机污染物降解的两种生化动力学模型：“速度指数模型”和“双曲线速度模型”，以及垃圾降解的动力学方程。     

采用两级物化法去除黄磷废水中的氟化物

采用向含氟废水中加入适量石灰和聚合氯化铝，然后投加适量钙盐、磷酸和聚丙烯酰胺的二级处理工艺除氟，通过控制合适的pH、钙盐和磷酸的投加量、反应时间、反应温度、搅拌强度和絮凝剂的投加量，可使黄磷废水中氟的质量浓度降至5mg/L，氟的去除率达到99％以上，出水中氟的质量浓度达到GB8978－1996一级排放标准。     

镍、锌、铝对羊角月芽藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)生长及酶活性影响研究

研究了不同浓度镍，锌，铝对常见绿藻羊角月芽藻生长速度，蛋白质含量，ＡＴＰ水平，葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶，酸性磷酸酶及硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明３种金属离子在所试浓度范围内对羊角月芽藻的生长速度均有抑制作用，但单位藻培养物中蛋白质含量却随着金属离子浓度的增加而增加；高浓度金属离子对酶活性有明显抑制作用；藻细胞中ＡＴＰ水平随着金属离子浓度的增加而下降。     

Analysis of microcystins in cyanobacteria blooms and surface water samples from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,China

Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. In recent years, the water pollution of cyanobacteria blooms has become a severe problem in this area. Microcystins (MCs) are an important group of toxic compounds mainly produced by some cyanobacteria species and have both acute and chronic hepatotoxic effects on animals and humans. This paper presents the first data on the identification and detection of MCs in both natural occurring cyanobacteria blooms and surface water samples (0-0.5 m), collected from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. A conventional method for extraction and isolation of MCs from cyanobacteria blooms was applied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the main toxic component in the cyanobacteria materials was MC-LR. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MC-LR produced by hybridoma technique was employed for direct competitive ELISA to detect the concentrations of MCs in bloom and water samples collected in 2001. The results not only revealed the presence of MCs but also temporal variations of MCs levels of three sampling stations in Meiliang Bay in 1 year. It is obvious that the MC contents were relatively higher during warm months and related with the status of eutrophication. Our study indicates the threat associated with MCs in water body of Taihu Lake. To prevent the MCs potential hazard on public health in this area, some necessary measures of monitoring and control of growth of cyanobacteria are urgently needed.     

环境安全：21世纪人类面临的根本问题

本文从人类社会的可持续进步和国家的可持续发展两个层面,深层次地分析了环境安全问题的不可替代的重要性,并从理论和实践两个方面得出：第一,我国应将环境安全的保证能力作为综合国力的重要组成部分;第二,应将环境安全观作为指导我国21世纪两大战略-加入WTO和西部大开发的重要方针。     

The dynamics of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis during bloom in the large shallow lake,Lake Taihu,China

Lake Taihu is a large shallow freshwater lake (surface area 2,338 km², mean depth 1.9 m) in China, which has experienced toxic cyanobacterial bloom dominated by Microcystis annually during the last few decades. In the present study, the dynamics of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis in three sampling stations (Meiliang Bay (site N2), Gonghu Bay (site N4), and the lake center area (site S4)) were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) during bloom periods from April to September, 2010. Our data showed that the abundance of toxic Microcystis and the toxic proportion gradually increased from April to August in water samples and reached the peak in August. During the study period, toxic Microcystis genotypes comprised between 26.2 and 64.3, between 4.4 and 22.1, and between 10.4 and 20.6 % of the total Microcystis populations in the three sampling sites, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested that there was a strong positive relationship between total Microcystis, toxic Microcystis and the toxic proportion. Chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and water temperature were positively correlated with the abundances of total Microcystis and toxic Microcystis. Furthermore, the toxic proportion was positively correlated with total phosphorus (P?<?0.05) and water temperature (P?<?0.01), showing that global warming together with eutrophication could promote more frequent toxic blooms.     

重金属对土壤—植物系统中氮的转化与NO3-淋失影响的研究

本项研究采用“微宇宙”方法,在实验室植物生长箱可控条件下,进行动态模拟实验。实验选择了七种重金属,按照土壤阳离子代换量计算出三种不同等级的土壤重金属剂量,研究它们对京津渤地区典型土壤(碳酸盐草甸土)中氮的转化与NO_3~-淋失影响。实验结果表明:七种重金属对该类土壤中氮的转化与NO_3~-淋失量有明显影响,但其表现的程度和特征有很大差异。其作用强度的次序为:Hg~(2 )>>Cd~(2 )>>Ni~(2 )>>Zn~(2 )>Pb~(2 )>Cu~(2 )>Cr~(3 )。各重金属作用的持续时间不同:Hg~(2 )、Cd~(2 )达7—11周以上,而其余重金属在4—7周。实验结论:本地区碳酸盐土壤虽然对重金属有较大的容量,但从土壤—植物系统污染生态学角度,仍可选择NO_3~-作为一项反映重金属对土壤生态毒性的早期诊断指标。     

明胶厂剩余高钙污泥作为燃煤固硫剂的应用研究

明胶生产产业在废水处理工艺中产生大量剩余高钙污泥,采用该剩余污泥作为燃煤固硫剂,在高温管式电阻炉内进行燃烧实验,通过测定燃烧前和燃烧后样品中的硫含量确定该剩余污泥的固硫效果。通过单因素研究煤粉粒径、剩余污泥粒径和剩余污泥/煤样%等影响因素对固硫率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交设计法优选达到较高固硫率的实验条件。实验结果表明:影响固硫率的因素从大到小依次为燃烧温度>剩余污泥/煤样%>煤粉粒径>剩余污泥粒径。以剩余污泥作为固硫剂,固硫率最高的实验条件为:燃烧温度800℃,剩余污泥/煤样为3%,煤粉粒径60⁹0目,剩余污泥粒径9090目,剩余污泥粒径90¹20目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90120目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90¹20目,剩余污泥粒径为60120目,剩余污泥粒径为60⁹0目,污泥/煤样(质量比)为3%时,固硫率可达62.78%,说明在高温下该剩余污泥保持较高的固硫率。将明胶厂剩余污泥作为固硫剂是较为合适的再利用方法,可有效缓解当前该污泥大量堆积污染环境的状况。     

废弃SCR脱硝催化剂的再生及其脱硝性能研究

对废弃脱硝催化剂处理后重新加工再生,研究了添加剂对其粉体成型和再生催化剂脱硝活性的影响,探讨了反应温度、空速、n(NH3)∶n(NO)摩尔比、氧含量、H2O和SO2对再生催化剂NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的影响。结果表明:最佳再生条件是使用5%羧甲基纤维素和10%无机粘结剂辅助成型;废弃催化剂再生利用率高达90%;再生催化剂抗压强度为4.73 MPa,优于商用催化剂;空速5 000 h-1、氨氮摩尔比1、氧含量6%时,脱硝活性温度窗口为310⁴50℃,350℃时活性最高为94%;350℃时,单独通入1 000×10-6SO2或10%H2O对再生催化剂活性均有一定抑制作用,最低活性分别为70%和81%,停止通入SO2或H2O后其活性逐渐恢复;同时通入1 000×10-6SO2和10%H2O,再生催化剂活性下降至63%并于1 h内保持相对稳定,停止通入SO2和H2O 2 h后,活性逐渐恢复到73%。     

硝基芳烃化合物诱发细胞微核的比较研究

利用蚕豆根法细胞和人在淋巴细胞的微核试验对６种硝基芳烃化合物的致突变性进行比较研究，结果表明，邻二硝基苯、间二硝基苯、２，４－二硝基甲苯，２，６－二硝基甲苯，对硝基氯苯和对硝基溴苯均能诱发两咱细胞的微核率增加，除了对硝基溴苯外均具有明显剂量一效应关系。引进标准剂量概念比较５种硝基芳烃人合物的致突变性，结果表明，致突变性强弱依次为２，４－二硝基甲苯〉对硝基氯苯〉间二硝基苯〉２，６－二硝基甲苯〉邻二硝