南京市4个污水处理厂的活性污泥中细菌的分离鉴定和抗生素耐药性分析

通过16S rDNA序列分析对南京CN、CE、JN和JM这4个污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离的细菌进行鉴定,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法分析细菌的抗生素耐药性,目的是阐明该地区污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌抗生素耐药性现状,探索污水及污泥的潜在环境风险.4个污水处理厂分别分离到7、9、8和11株菌落形态不同的细菌,上述35株细菌分属25个种,17个属.抗生素耐药性分析显示,97.1%的菌株具有抗生素耐药性,80%菌株具有多重耐药性.分离菌株对氨苄西林、卡那霉素、氯霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素和大观霉素的耐药率分别为71.4%、37.1%、37.1%、57.1%、34.3%、68.6%、94.3%和65.7%.结果表明活性污泥中细菌耐药性严重;不同菌株间的耐药性分析显示,危害水产养殖业的病原菌气单胞菌具有严重的多重耐药性,所有芽孢杆菌对氯霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素敏感;污水处理厂应加强出水的消杀工作,避免二次污染.     

海河流域14条河流表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征

海河流域是我国受人类活动扰动强度最大的地区,为了解多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）在该流域的污染现状与分布特征,通过采集14条主要河流的48个表层沉积物样品,采用高分辨的GC-MS/MS技术对干燥后的沉积物中27种PBDEs进行分析.结果发现沉积物中PBDEs的平均含量范围为0.06～2.10 ng·g^-1;其中徒骇河沉积物...     

基于半分析方法的内陆湖泊水体总悬浮物浓度遥感估算研究

根据生物光学原理,通过对总悬浮物吸收占水体总吸收比例光谱的分析,确定适宜总悬浮物浓度反演的波段范围;结合以往学者对太湖等水体固有光学特性的研究成果,运用最小二乘法,确定生物光学模型的相关参数,建立了浑浊湖泊水体总悬浮物浓度的单波段估算模型.结果表明,在短波波段,总悬浮物的吸收占水体总吸收的比例较高,出现光饱和现象,不适...     

河流污染物通量估算方法筛选及误差分析

准确估算污染物通量对河流污染物总量控制和水质保护具有重要意义,但常规监测方法通常不能进行连续采样,数据相对比较稀缺,因此,选择恰当的采样间隔和通量估算方法,并对方法可能带来的误差进行估算,对提高通量估算的可靠性具有十分重要的意义.基于此,以江西赣江滁槎水质自动站2005—2007年3个水文年的水量和水质资料为基础,采用Monte Carlo方法模拟时间间隔分别为2、3、5、6、10、15和30 d的河流水质离散采样方案,并计算每种采样方案下的通量.同时,采用偏差(系统误差)和不精确度(离散程度)两个指标,比较了A、B、C、D、E 5种常规通量计算方法的误差分布,并建立了各算法误差随时间间隔变化的相关性曲线,以对河流污染物通量估算方法进行筛选.研究表明,滁槎断面COD_Mn采用瞬时值C_i与时段平均流量 Q_p乘积的方法计算年通量更准确;而NH₄⁺-N由于瞬时通量与流量相关性不显著,采用时段瞬时通量平均计算年通量更准确.     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下土壤锰含量研究

通过对比分析三江平原典型的小叶章湿地、玉米地、水稻田、人工杨树林和岛状林土壤中锰（Mn）含量,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤Mn分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,三江平原土壤Mn含量范围为107.73～2 798.99 mg.kg-1,平均为403.24 mg.kg-1,处于较低的水平.不同利用方式下土壤中Mn含量差异显著（F=9.272,P〈0.001）,表现出岛状林〉人工杨树林〉玉米地〉小叶章湿地〉水稻田的规律;总体上由表层至底层,各层土壤Mn含量表现为玉米地〉小叶章湿地〉水稻田,岛状林〉人工杨树林的规律,表明湿地开发为旱田后,土壤Mn将聚集,而开发为水田后,土壤Mn则流失.相关性分析表明,土壤中Mn含量与pH呈显著的负相关系（r=-0.279,P〈0.05）,Mn与S含量（r=0.383,P〈0.01）和可溶性有机碳含量（r=0.244,P〈0.05）呈显著的正相关关系,而与土壤有机质（SOM）和有效硫（Sa）含量相关性并不显著.环境因子的改变,可能是通过改变Mn的赋存状态而影响到土壤Mn含量.     

Smog chamber study on the evolution of fume from residential coal combustion

Domestic coal stoves are widely used in countryside and greenbelt residents in China for heating and cooking, and emit considerable pollutants to the atmosphere because of no treatment of their exhaust, which can result in deteriorating local air quality. In this study, a dynamic smog chamber was used to investigate the real-time emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the combustion process and a static smog chamber was used to investigate the fume evolution under simulate light irradiation. The real-time emissions revealed that the total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO increased sharply after ignition, and then quickly decreased, indicating volatilization of hydrocarbons with low molecular weight and incomplete combustion at the beginning stage of combustion made great contribution to these pollutants. There was evident shoulder peak around 10 min combustion for both THC and CO, revealing the emissions from vitrinite combustion. Additionally, another broad emission peak of CO after 30 min was also observed, which was ascribed to the incomplete combustion of the inertinite. Compared with THC and CO, there was only one emission peak for NOx, SO₂ and particular matters at the beginning stage of combustion. The fume evolution with static chamber simulation indicated that evident consumption of SO₂ and NOx as well as new particle formation were observed. The consumption rates for SO₂ and NOx were about 3.44% hr^-1 and 3.68% hr^-1, the new particle formation of nuclei particles grew at a rate of 16.03 nm/hr during the first reaction hour, and the increase of the diameter of accumulation mode particles was evident. The addition of isoprene to the diluted mixture of the fume could promote O₃ and secondary particle formation.     

Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid with β-Ga2O3 in anoxic aqueous solution

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a new-found hazardous persistent organic pollutant, and it is resistant to decomposition by hydroxyl radical (HO·) due to its stable chemical structure and the high electronegativity of fluorine. Photocatalytic reduction of PFOA with β-Ga₂O₃ in anoxic aqueous solution was investigated for the first time, and the results showed that the photoinduced electron (e_cb^-) coming from the β-Ga₂O₃ conduction band was the major degradation substance for PFOA, and shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C_nF_2n+1COOH, 1 ≤ n ≤ 6) were the dominant products. Furthermore, the concentration of F^- was measured by the IC technique and defluorination efficiency was calculated. After 3 hr, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was 98.8% and defluorination efficiency was 31.6% in the presence of thiosulfate and bubbling N₂. The degradation reaction followed first-order kinetics (k = 0.0239 min^-1, t_1/2 = 0.48 hr). PFCAs (C_nF_2n+1COOH, 1 ≤ n ≤ 7) were detected and measured by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods. It was deduced that the probable photocatalytic degradation mechanism involves e_cb^- attacking the carboxyl of C_nF_2n+1COOH, resulting in decarboxylation and the generation of C_nF_2n+1·. The produced C_nF_2n+1· reacted with H2O, forming C_nF_2n+1OH, then C_nF_2n+1OH underwent HF loss and hydrolysis to form C_nF_2n+1COOH.     

基于复杂网络理论的北京地铁网络脆弱性评估

以北京市现有地铁线网为研究对象,使用Space L方法构建拓扑网络,为更加符合实际情况,对换乘车站进行了拆分。分析中,综合考虑连通OD对和出行效率两个因素,以运输能力损失作为评估网络脆弱性指标。随后,计算分析了单节点攻击、随机攻击、静态攻击和动态攻击下造成的地铁网络运输能力损失的变化规律,得出动态攻击对地铁网络影响最大。在该攻击方式下,相对基于度的动态攻击,地铁网络对基于介数和基于ER的动态攻击,具有更高的脆弱性。同时攻击介数较大的节点对网络南北方向运输能力影响较大;攻击对出行效率影响较高的节点对网络东西方向运输能力影响较大。因此,在地铁运营过程中,应针对不同站点的节点属性和事故发生情况,采取相关防护措施。     

三峡库区重庆段重点水域沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价

采用液相色谱法对三峡库区重庆段9个断面沉积物样品的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明,三峡库区重庆段沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比范围为68.6~4 226 ng/g,平均质量比为685 ng/g;7种致癌单体Σ7PAHs质量比范围为23.7~1 265 ng/g,平均值为261ng/g,属中等污染水平。沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比最高点位于化工园区下游,其余断面质量比较低且变化较小;化工园区下游以2~3环为主,占总量的50.66%,其余断面以5~6环为主,占总量的25.90%~67.01%。沉积物中PAHs来源主要为木柴、煤燃料的高温燃烧。沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法评价结果表明,化工园区下游沉积物存在生态风险,有必要开展PAHs污染来源调查和底质生态修复研究;其余断面存在潜在生态风险,需加强监测。     

氨氮浓度对MBBR工艺中微生物群落结构的影响

采用移动床生物膜反应器（moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR）处理模拟废水,考察进水氨氮浓度（20,30,50,100,200 mg/L）对MBBR工艺处理效果的影响,并利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,分析微生物群落结构变化。结果表明:氨氮浓度为30~100 mg/L时,氨氮浓度越小,越有利于氨氮的去除,对COD去除率影响较小。氨氮浓度为20,50,200 mg/L时,Ottowia为第1优势菌属,相对丰度分别为66.76%、34.40%、53.88%,而氨氮浓度为30,100 mg/L时,Ottowia优势地位被Arcobacter、Hydrogenophaga等取代,说明微生物群落结构发生波动性变化可能与各类起反硝化作用的菌属和Ottowia菌属争夺优势地位有关。与自养型硝化作用有关的菌属相对丰度稳定在0.3%左右,相对丰度受氨氮浓度影响不大,高浓度氨氮对硝化菌属产生的抑制作用,可能是对其微生物活性的抑制。通过研究发现,进水氨氮浓度对MBBR生物膜中的微生物群落结构有一定的影响。