南京市4个污水处理厂的活性污泥中细菌的分离鉴定和抗生素耐药性分析

通过16S rDNA序列分析对南京CN、CE、JN和JM这4个污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离的细菌进行鉴定,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法分析细菌的抗生素耐药性,目的是阐明该地区污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌抗生素耐药性现状,探索污水及污泥的潜在环境风险.4个污水处理厂分别分离到7、9、8和11株菌落形态不同的细菌,上述35株细菌分属25个种,17个属.抗生素耐药性分析显示,97.1%的菌株具有抗生素耐药性,80%菌株具有多重耐药性.分离菌株对氨苄西林、卡那霉素、氯霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素和大观霉素的耐药率分别为71.4%、37.1%、37.1%、57.1%、34.3%、68.6%、94.3%和65.7%.结果表明活性污泥中细菌耐药性严重;不同菌株间的耐药性分析显示,危害水产养殖业的病原菌气单胞菌具有严重的多重耐药性,所有芽孢杆菌对氯霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素敏感;污水处理厂应加强出水的消杀工作,避免二次污染.     

海河流域14条河流表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征

海河流域是我国受人类活动扰动强度最大的地区,为了解多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）在该流域的污染现状与分布特征,通过采集14条主要河流的48个表层沉积物样品,采用高分辨的GC-MS/MS技术对干燥后的沉积物中27种PBDEs进行分析.结果发现沉积物中PBDEs的平均含量范围为0.06～2.10 ng·g^-1;其中徒骇河沉积物...     

基于半分析方法的内陆湖泊水体总悬浮物浓度遥感估算研究

根据生物光学原理,通过对总悬浮物吸收占水体总吸收比例光谱的分析,确定适宜总悬浮物浓度反演的波段范围;结合以往学者对太湖等水体固有光学特性的研究成果,运用最小二乘法,确定生物光学模型的相关参数,建立了浑浊湖泊水体总悬浮物浓度的单波段估算模型.结果表明,在短波波段,总悬浮物的吸收占水体总吸收的比例较高,出现光饱和现象,不适...     

河流污染物通量估算方法筛选及误差分析

准确估算污染物通量对河流污染物总量控制和水质保护具有重要意义,但常规监测方法通常不能进行连续采样,数据相对比较稀缺,因此,选择恰当的采样间隔和通量估算方法,并对方法可能带来的误差进行估算,对提高通量估算的可靠性具有十分重要的意义.基于此,以江西赣江滁槎水质自动站2005—2007年3个水文年的水量和水质资料为基础,采用Monte Carlo方法模拟时间间隔分别为2、3、5、6、10、15和30 d的河流水质离散采样方案,并计算每种采样方案下的通量.同时,采用偏差(系统误差)和不精确度(离散程度)两个指标,比较了A、B、C、D、E 5种常规通量计算方法的误差分布,并建立了各算法误差随时间间隔变化的相关性曲线,以对河流污染物通量估算方法进行筛选.研究表明,滁槎断面COD_Mn采用瞬时值C_i与时段平均流量 Q_p乘积的方法计算年通量更准确;而NH₄⁺-N由于瞬时通量与流量相关性不显著,采用时段瞬时通量平均计算年通量更准确.     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下土壤锰含量研究

通过对比分析三江平原典型的小叶章湿地、玉米地、水稻田、人工杨树林和岛状林土壤中锰（Mn）含量,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤Mn分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,三江平原土壤Mn含量范围为107.73～2 798.99 mg.kg-1,平均为403.24 mg.kg-1,处于较低的水平.不同利用方式下土壤中Mn含量差异显著（F=9.272,P〈0.001）,表现出岛状林〉人工杨树林〉玉米地〉小叶章湿地〉水稻田的规律;总体上由表层至底层,各层土壤Mn含量表现为玉米地〉小叶章湿地〉水稻田,岛状林〉人工杨树林的规律,表明湿地开发为旱田后,土壤Mn将聚集,而开发为水田后,土壤Mn则流失.相关性分析表明,土壤中Mn含量与pH呈显著的负相关系（r=-0.279,P〈0.05）,Mn与S含量（r=0.383,P〈0.01）和可溶性有机碳含量（r=0.244,P〈0.05）呈显著的正相关关系,而与土壤有机质（SOM）和有效硫（Sa）含量相关性并不显著.环境因子的改变,可能是通过改变Mn的赋存状态而影响到土壤Mn含量.     

Smog chamber study on the evolution of fume from residential coal combustion

Domestic coal stoves are widely used in countryside and greenbelt residents in China for heating and cooking, and emit considerable pollutants to the atmosphere because of no treatment of their exhaust, which can result in deteriorating local air quality. In this study, a dynamic smog chamber was used to investigate the real-time emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the combustion process and a static smog chamber was used to investigate the fume evolution under simulate light irradiation. The real-time emissions revealed that the total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO increased sharply after ignition, and then quickly decreased, indicating volatilization of hydrocarbons with low molecular weight and incomplete combustion at the beginning stage of combustion made great contribution to these pollutants. There was evident shoulder peak around 10 min combustion for both THC and CO, revealing the emissions from vitrinite combustion. Additionally, another broad emission peak of CO after 30 min was also observed, which was ascribed to the incomplete combustion of the inertinite. Compared with THC and CO, there was only one emission peak for NOx, SO₂ and particular matters at the beginning stage of combustion. The fume evolution with static chamber simulation indicated that evident consumption of SO₂ and NOx as well as new particle formation were observed. The consumption rates for SO₂ and NOx were about 3.44% hr^-1 and 3.68% hr^-1, the new particle formation of nuclei particles grew at a rate of 16.03 nm/hr during the first reaction hour, and the increase of the diameter of accumulation mode particles was evident. The addition of isoprene to the diluted mixture of the fume could promote O₃ and secondary particle formation.     

Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid with β-Ga2O3 in anoxic aqueous solution

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a new-found hazardous persistent organic pollutant, and it is resistant to decomposition by hydroxyl radical (HO·) due to its stable chemical structure and the high electronegativity of fluorine. Photocatalytic reduction of PFOA with β-Ga₂O₃ in anoxic aqueous solution was investigated for the first time, and the results showed that the photoinduced electron (e_cb^-) coming from the β-Ga₂O₃ conduction band was the major degradation substance for PFOA, and shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C_nF_2n+1COOH, 1 ≤ n ≤ 6) were the dominant products. Furthermore, the concentration of F^- was measured by the IC technique and defluorination efficiency was calculated. After 3 hr, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was 98.8% and defluorination efficiency was 31.6% in the presence of thiosulfate and bubbling N₂. The degradation reaction followed first-order kinetics (k = 0.0239 min^-1, t_1/2 = 0.48 hr). PFCAs (C_nF_2n+1COOH, 1 ≤ n ≤ 7) were detected and measured by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods. It was deduced that the probable photocatalytic degradation mechanism involves e_cb^- attacking the carboxyl of C_nF_2n+1COOH, resulting in decarboxylation and the generation of C_nF_2n+1·. The produced C_nF_2n+1· reacted with H2O, forming C_nF_2n+1OH, then C_nF_2n+1OH underwent HF loss and hydrolysis to form C_nF_2n+1COOH.     

纳米二氧化铈对蛋白核小球藻的生物学效应研究

纳米二氧化铈(CeO_2)在被广泛使用的同时,其潜在的环境效应也受到人们越来越多的关注。以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为实验材料,研究纳米CeO_2的生物学效应,为探索纳米材料对微藻的生物学效应提供理论基础和数据支持。研究结果显示:1)纳米CeO_2在低浓度(≤80 mg·L~(-1))时可促进蛋白核小球藻的生长及色素、可溶性蛋白等的合成,但在高浓度(80 mg·L~(-1))下具有毒性效应;2)低浓度纳米CeO_2可诱导藻细胞合成超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等可溶性蛋白,以抵御纳米CeO_2的胁迫;但在高浓度时又会降低SOD活力;3)随着纳米CeO_2浓度的升高,藻细胞中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著增加,说明藻细胞中活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)过量积累,这将破坏藻细胞的膜结构与功能,使细胞遭受严重损伤。     

Water quality prediction of copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater based on the PSO-SVR model

● Data acquisition and pre-processing for wastewater treatment were summarized. ● A PSO-SVR model for predicting COD_eff in wastewater was proposed. ● The COD_eff prediction performances of the three models in the paper were compared. ● The COD_eff prediction effects of different models in other studies were discussed. The mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment is highly complex and nonlinear. Various factors like influent quality, flow rate, pH and chemical dose, tend to restrict the effluent effectiveness of mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial indicator to measure the quality of mining-beneficiation wastewater. Predicting COD concentration accurately of mining-beneficiation wastewater after treatment is essential for achieving stable and compliant discharge. This reduces environmental risk and significantly improves the discharge quality of wastewater. This paper presents a novel AI algorithm PSO-SVR, to predict water quality. Hyperparameter optimization of our proposed model PSO-SVR, uses particle swarm optimization to improve support vector regression for COD prediction. The generalization capacity tested on out-of-distribution (OOD) data for our PSO-SVR model is strong, with the following performance metrics of root means square error (RMSE) is 1.51, mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.26, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.85. We compare the performance of PSO-SVR model with back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and shows it edges over in terms of the performance metrics of RMSE, MAE and R², and is the best model for COD prediction of mining-beneficiation wastewater. This is because of the less overfitting tendency of PSO-SVR compared with neural network architectures. Our proposed PSO-SVR model is optimum for the prediction of COD in copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. In addition, PSO-SVR can be used to predict COD on a wide variety of wastewater through the process of transfer learning.     

施肥对印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响

以3年生印楝人工林为研究对象,对该林分所在的林地进行施肥试验,设置了9个施肥处理和一个不施肥对照,运用当年树高和胸径生长量、土壤养分和生物指标讨论了施肥对干热河谷印楝人工林生长及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)3年生印楝人工林树高和胸径生长对施肥的反应存在差异,方差分析和多重比较表明,单施氮肥(处理1、处理2、处理3)和混合施肥(处理7、处理8、处理9)的当年胸径生长量均与对照处理差异显著,而当年树高生长量差异不显著;(2)合理施肥不仅可改善土壤酸碱性和土壤微环境,增强土壤酶活性和提高土壤微生物数量,还可提高林地土壤肥力,防治印楝人工林地力衰退;(3)不同施肥处理对林地土壤肥力的影响不同,氮、磷肥混施是提高林地土壤肥力综合指数最好的施肥方式。