Subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd and Cd-Zn interaction in different barley genotypes

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the genotypic difference in subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd and Zn uptake and their interaction in four barley genotypes. Increased Cd level in the medium caused a significant increase of Cd concentration in all fractions of roots/shoots, with most accumulation in FI (cell wall) and FIV (soluble). In root, the greatest amount of Cd was found in extraction solution of 2% HAC or 0.6M HCl, followed by 1M NaCl (20%), and lowest in extraction of 80% ethanol or d-H2O. While in shoot, the highest value of Cd accumulation was recorded in the fractions extracted by 1M NaCl and 2% HAC, followed by 0.6M HCl or d-H2O, and least in 80% ethanol extraction solution. There was a distinct difference among genotypes in Cd concentration in subcellular and chemical forms and it was found that the Cd-sensitive genotype Wumaoliuling, in comparison with the other three Cd-resistant genotypes, had higher Cd concentration in chloroplast-shoot/trophoplast-root (FII), membrane and organelle (FIII) and in inorganic and water-soluble Cd of roots, while lower in FI, FIV and pectates/protein integrated Cd. After 48 h of Cd treatment, the plants were replaced into Cd-free nutrient solution and grown for 72 h, a significant decrease in Cd concentration of root FI was observed, with less Cd reduction in Wumaoliuling. In comparison with control (no Cd), addition of Cd significantly increased Zn accumulation in chloroplast (FII), with least increase in Wumaoliuling. The Zn content in the other 3 fractions decreased significantly with addition of Cd, especially in roots, while Wumaoliuling was the most severely affected genotype. Moreover, it could be suggested Zn supplement could significantly reduce Cd concentration in root trophoplast and in shoot soluble fraction of Cd-treated plants.     

新疆地下水中农药污染水平调查

报道了新疆产棉区的莎车、英吉沙两县20个采样点的地下水受有机磷、有机氯和菊酯类农药污染的调查结果。结果表明：分别有55％（11）、30％（6）、25％（5）、15％（3）和5％（1）的水样受到了敌敌畏、敌百虫、功夫菊酯、六六六和甲拌磷的污染。其中4份水样中的敌敌畏（3）敌百虫（1）含量超过了《城市给水工程规范》（GB50282－1998）规定的生活饮用水水质指标限值（＜0．1μg／L）。     

污泥资源化处置与综合利用

介绍了污泥处理的目的、方法,提出污泥应作为一种资源进行综合利用。并结合实例阐述了我国污泥农用资源化处置现状及未来发展趋势。     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition(SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy.     

SH型输油泵轴套密封泄漏原因及解决方法

针对目前中国石化管道储运分公司黄岛油库输油二队个别SH型输油泵接连出现轴套端面密封大量泄漏原油的情况,分析了轴套端面密封泄漏的原因,并从密封材料、密封形式等方面着手,寻找解决密封泄漏的方法,确保输油泵的运行安全.     

甘肃东部旱作区不同气候类型麦田水分供需平衡研究

甘肃东部旱作地区干旱区年降水量小于300mm,半干旱区为300～450mm,半湿润区为450～600mm,湿润区大于600 mm4种气候类型1989～1992年14个测站0～2m深的土壤湿度实测资料,从降水土壤水作物系统观点出发,分析研究旱作小麦的实际耗水指标和耗水特点,探讨麦田水分供需平衡,为发展旱作区小麦高产稳产的栽培管理措施提供科 学依据。     

太湖地区水稻土表层土壤10年尺度重金属元素积累速率的估计

以江苏省几个水稻土历年监测的重金属元素变化资料为基础,估计太湖地区水稻土表层土壤的重金属元素积累速率并推算本地区相应的几种环境影响的污染通量.结果表明,Cu/Zn、Pb和Cd的积累速率分别达到0.3～lmg·(kg·a)^-1、0.2～1mg·(kg·a)^-1和0.3～3μg·(kg·a)^-1,它们的年污染通量分别为0.5～1kg·(hm²·a)^-1,0.5～1.0kg·(hm²·a)^-1,0.5～3.0kg·(hm²·a)^-1和0.8～10×10^-3kg·(hm²·a)^-1.观察到有效态含量的积累速率高于全量.就整个区域来说,Pb、Cd的面源复合污染强度明显较其他环境影响因子大,尤其是Cd的污染通量较国际上的报道偏高,说明本地区环境污染较为严重,仍然是区域环境质量的制约因素本地区土壤重金属元素的变化及其对食物链的影响以及人类健康的影响必须引起广泛的重视.     

稠油废水回用热采锅炉除硅试验研究

以红浅稠油区稠油废水为研究对象,在高温条件下(70℃以上),选用常规钙镁除硅工艺和混凝强化除硅工艺进行了除硅的试验研究。结果表明,经过两种工艺的处理,出水二氧化硅的含量均能达到回用热采锅炉的标准,但采用混凝强化工艺在技术上更为合理,经济上更为可行。     

蚯蚓人工湿地对农村生活污水净化效果试验研究

从生态学理论出发,以健全人工湿地生态系统为思路,通过引入爱胜蚯蚓使食物链"加环",强化水生动物环节,得出该工艺在0.3m3(/m·2d)的水力负荷下稳定运行后,处理农村生活污水的COD、TN和TP平均出水浓度分别为41.02mg/L、12.58mg/L和0.44mg/L,出水水质均低于国家城镇污水处理厂排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级排放A标准。同时蚯蚓对改善湿地内部溶解氧状况起到了一定的作用。     

我国干旱地区甘草草地资源的利用与保护

全世界有甘草13种,我国有8种,沙漠地区常见有5种。我国沙漠地区的甘草种类为甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)、胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)等5种,它们构成各种甘草草地,分布在多种多样的生态环境中,以甘草草地分布最广。 甘草草地可供放牧、割草、采药、农垦、营林等多目标利用,目前它已被广泛进行利用。其中以放牧和采药利用最为广泛。 甘草草地的利用存在着严重的问题,例如:滥挖甘草已使大面积的甘草草地遭到了严重破坏,不适当的农垦已使不少甘草草地成了荒滩和沙化土地,生境旱化已使一些甘草草地明显退化,土壤盐渍化已使得一些甘草草地发育不良以至已被盐生植被所演替。 要使甘草草地这一多目标利用的自然资源能得到水续利用,必须重视土壤和环境的保护,防止土壤风蚀和水蚀,防治土壤盐渍化,预防生态环境旱化,大力种草种树等。